Learning Theories, Behaviorism And Social Cognitive Theory

Introduction Learning is a complex process that influences the knowledge and behaviours that humans do, or do not develop to adapt to a variety of situations (Ormrod, 2016). However, for people with disability, this learning process can often be hindered by the lack of abilities, or external and internal stimuli such as prejudice and self-efficacy respectively (Conyers, Enright, Strauser, 1998). The following essay will discuss two learning theories, behaviourism and social cognitive theory (SCT), in relation to disability practices. Behaviourism explains learning through stimulus-response associations, with the two main theories being classical conditioning and operant conditioning (Ormrod, 2016). For professionals in disability,†¦show more content†¦Generally, there is a pre-existing unconditioned stimulus (UCS) that elicits an unconditioned response (UCR) from the organism without it having to be learnt (Ormrod, 2016). For learning to occur, a neutral stimulus (NS) that the organism does not already respond to is introduced (Ormrod, 2016). This NS is repeatedly paired with the UCS until it elicits a response, typically, one that is similar to the UCR; however, it can also be different to the UCR (Ormrod, 2016). The NS then becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) that elicits a learned, conditioned response (CR) (Ormrod, 2016). Sometimes, the CR can also be elicited by a stimulus similar to the CS due to generalisation (Ormrod, 2016). However, stimulus discrimination can be used to teach organisms to differentiate such similar stimuli, by presenting them in the absence of the UCS (Spencer, Hartstone, Carter, Grivas, 2007). Learning through classical conditioning can occur rapidly, and is most effective when the NS is presented immediately before the UCS (Ormrod, 2016). Moreover, associative bias suggests that associations are more likely to be made between stimuli that reflect a true cause-and-effect relationship (Ormrod, 2016). Additionally, extinction of the CR w ill occur if the CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS (Spencer et al., 2007). Nonetheless, spontaneous recovery can occur, wherein, after extinction, the CR reappears, albeit, weaker (Ormrod, 2016). Thus, in eliminatingShow MoreRelatedBehaviorism or Social Cognitive Learning Theory1429 Words   |  6 Pages Behaviorism and social cognitive theories are two great theories to use when setting up a behavior management plan in the classroom. They both offer reinforcements to get desired behaviors. Social cognitive theory focuses on observations that can be used to understand what and how people learn and how they take control of their own behavior (Ormrod, 2011, p. 323). Behaviorism focuses on environmental stimuli that changes individual’s behaviors (Ormrod, 2011, p. 285). Observing and taking careRead MoreBehaviorism And The Operant Conditioning Theory Essay1415 Words   |  6 Pageslearn differently but children and adult learning differ also. Learning theories are conceptualized frameworks which describe how individuals absorb, process and retain information. Behaviorists such as John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner, Edward L. Thorndike, Ivan Pavlov and Edwin R. Guthrie believed that all learners were passive in nature and only responded to external stimuli. Behaviorism, as explored by the before mentioned, is a biological basis of learning and focuses exclusively on observable behaviorsRead MoreThe Psychoanalytic Theory Of Human Development Research1074 Words   |  5 Pages 2014, p. 3). This field studies topics like the theoretical perspective theories that are used in human development research. The Psychoanalytic perspective theory focuses on the emotional and social development, Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental theory accents the changes in thinking, while the Behaviorism and Social Learning and the Lifespan perspective discuss many aspects on human functioning (p. 21). These theories allow for a different point of view on developme nt while regarding relativeRead MoreTheories of Development: Cognitive Theory and Behaviorism Essay example958 Words   |  4 PagesOff the five developmental theories, I would like to describe and explain two grand theories, Cognitive theory and Behaviorism. The main concepts of cognitive theory focuses on the developmental process of thinking and how this process affects our actions, attitudes, beliefs and assumptions through a life span. Jean Piaget, Swiss biologist and proponent of cognitive theory, developed a general thesis of cognitive theory; he divided the developmental process of thinking into four stages. He saidRead MoreLearning Theories : A Comparison Of Behavioral And Cognitive Views1163 Words   |  5 PagesLearning Theories: A Comparison of Behavioral and Cognitive Views Cognitive and behavioral learning theories tend to dominate modern discussions of learning theories. Employed in both educational and clinical settings, both have important contributions to understanding how and why individuals learn. Is one approach statistically better than the other, or do they each have their own place where one approach may be more effective under specific circumstances? Each theory has supporters who claimRead MoreA Reflection On Learning Theories939 Words   |  4 Pagesthis ties into learning theories. I believe now that through being a more reflective teacher it has shaped my teaching strategy based on three different learning theories I will reflect on. Behaviorism, constructivism, and cognitivism are relatively common theories used in classrooms as ways to approach student learning. Behaviorism focuses on observable behavior, such as being able to follow two step directions to complete a task. Characteristics of a classroom that uses behaviorism would be a rewardRead MoreLearning And Its Implications For Education Essay1271 Words   |  6 PagesLearning is an important process in education and in life in general. One cannot simply grow, adapt, and manage life without learning. However, everyone learns in various different ways. Shuell (2016) states, â€Å"When a particular word is used, people usually assume everyone has a common understanding of what the word means. Unfortunately, such is not always the case. In trying to understand the various theories of learning and their implications for education, it is helpful to realize that the termRead MoreLearning Theories : Theory Of Behaviorism1037 Words   |  5 PagesLearning Th eories Essay Behaviorism focuses on a new behavioral pattern being repeated until it becomes automatic. The theory of behaviorism concentrates on the study of overt behaviors that can be observed and measured (Good Brophy, 1990). It views the mind as a black box in the sense that response to stimulus can be observed quantitatively, totally ignoring the possibility of thought processes occurring in the mind. Some key players in the development of the behaviorist theory were Pavlov,Read MoreThe Diver810 Words   |  4 PagesEdna Foster The Diverse Nature of Psychology The diverse nature of psychology begins with making a difference in a diverse setting. This involves the implementation of critical psychology concepts, subdisciplines and subtopics, motivation, behaviorism, and cognition. Moreover, these subdisciplines and subtopics may be applied to other disciplines in contemporary society. In addition, this paper will include the subdisciplines and subtopics to theoretical perspectives, and concludes with theRead MoreBehavioral and Social/Cognitive Approaches to Forming Habits Essay1390 Words   |  6 PagesBehavioral and Social/Cognitive Approaches to Forming Habits Norman L Fountain PSY 250 May 4, 2011 Nichelle Ancrum Behavioral and Social/Cognitive Approaches to Forming Habits Habit as defined in Webster’s as a: a behavior pattern acquired by frequent repetition or physiologic exposure that shows itself in regularity or increased facility of performance b : an acquired mode of behavior that has become nearly or completely involuntary (Merriam-Webster Dictionary Online, 2011). Behavior

Is There any Treatment for Pornography Addiction Essay

Biological Treatment There is very little scientific evidence supporting the effectiveness of biological treatments for pornography addiction. Though several related studies have been conducted, the focus of these studies was not specifically on pornography addiction, but sexual addiction in general. Additionally, they lacked validity as they were either case studies or small-scale studies, involving less than 30 participants. Conducting a large-scale study may not be feasible at this point of time, as not many people with pornography addiction are willing to seek medical advice, let alone participate in research studies. One of the most prominent medications suggested for treating pornography addiction is Naltrexone. It has been approved†¦show more content†¦He was first referred to a psychiatrist at the age of 24, but his struggle continued for the next 7 years, as he dropped in and out of treatment. He tried antidepressants, group and individual therapy, a 12 step group (i.e. Sexual Addicts Anonymous), and pastoral counselling. He only sustained success at avoiding compulsive Internet use when he participated in a Naltrexone trial. However, his urges returned when he discontinued consuming Naltrexone. In order to recede them, he had to continue taking the medication. Ryback specifically studied Naltrexone’s efficacy in reducing sexual arousal and hypersexual behaviour in adolescents convicted of offenses including rape, bestiality, and sexual activity with young children. While receiving doses between 100 and 200 mg/d, most participants described decreases in arousal, masturbation, and sexual fantasies, as well as increased control over sexual urges (Ryback, 2004) It is clear that Naltrexone is in no way a cure for pornography addiction. However, for some extreme cases this drug may be necessary to equip individuals with pornography addiction with enough resolve to stand firm against pornography for long enough for psychosocial treatments to be effective. Additionally, in determining the right treatments for pornography addiction, professionals ought to look out for other problems that coexist with the addiction. If a dualShow MoreRelatedIs Addiction to Pornography a Brain Disease?1027 Words   |  4 PagesIs Addiction, Brain Disease? Pornography addiction and sex addiction are very alike sicknesses, arguably a sex addiction is not a disease or sickness however, and I feel as if it is. Walking around a sex addict you would probably never know about their disorder unless told otherwise. Many debates are about whether or not sexual addiction is an actual brain disease but just like drug addiction and alcohol addiction I classify it as the same. In a study taken in 2013 The Discovery Channel foundRead MoreSex and Media around the World813 Words   |  3 Pagesexplicit and casual treatment of sex and sexuality in our society is doing more harm than good. Maintaining the biblical standards of sexuality, the love shared between a husband and a wife, is becoming a dying institution of lust versus love. Sex and human sexuality are gifts from God, but these gifts have been shamefully misused and misconstrued. The images of sex that the media bombards people with, as well as the pornography industry, is only helping in fu eling this monster of addiction. Just like alcoholicsRead MoreEssay on Critical Book Review1166 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Critical Book Review Healing the Wounds of Sexual Addiction Michelle Beel Liberty University Psych 307 Summary Dr. Mark Lasser’s book â€Å"Healing the Wounds of Sexual Addiction† gives insight to those who suffer from sexual addiction and to the families, friends and other people in their lives. Dr. Mark Lasser has chosen to write this book, to share with others his personal struggle and victory with sexual addiction. Dr. Lasser has written this book from a Christian view, toRead MoreHyper Sexual Addiction Is A Disorder Essay1731 Words   |  7 PagesHyper Sexual addiction is a disorder that can be defined as a person having a habitually elevated sex drive, fantasies, and urges. Nevertheless, compared to other sexual addictions, this could be known as one of the most riskiest and dangerous addiction. Hyper Sexual Addiction has become more prevalent because of the infidelities amongst some celebrities and political figures. Sexual addiction has always existed, but because of technology and social media, people have become aware of it. PeopleRead MoreThe Effects Of Gambling Addiction On The Brain1682 Words   |  7 PagesBiological Factors Addictions are known to activate the culmination of sites in the brain that make up the ‘reward centre’ which is responsible for feeling happiness or pleasure through the release of dopamine (Linden, 2011). After repeated exposures, receptors in the brain build a tolerance towards the addiction meaning that there is a need for increased stimulation to provide a similar ‘high’. Eventually behaviour patterns develop so as to avoid withdrawal. At this point addiction is occurring andRead MoreEtiology, Predispositions, And Vulnerabilities1738 Words   |  7 Pagesbeen designed to explain the how IAD develops in an individual and how it is then maintained. These models draw from different fields of psychology such to determine different theorised causes for the addiction such as biological factors (such as chemical imbalances making one more susceptible to addiction), psychological predispositions (such as other mental health problems or personality) and social factors (such as culture, socio-economic standing and acceptance of the Internet from others). WhilstRead MoreEssay about Critical Book Review1170 Words   |  5 PagesCritical Book Review Healing the Wounds of Sexual Addiction Michelle Beel Liberty University Psych 307 Summary Dr. Mark Lasser’s book â€Å"Healing the Wounds of Sexual Addiction† gives insight to those who suffer from sexual addiction and to the families, friends and other people in their lives. Dr. Mark Lasser has chosen to write this book, to share with others his personal struggle and victory with sexual addiction. Dr. Lasser has written this book from a Christian view, to give other individualsRead MoreEssay on Internet addiction1725 Words   |  7 PagesInternet and Video Game Addiction Internet addiction is a worldwide disorder that is oblivious to the technological age we live in. Since its inception in 1991 (Livingstone), the World Wide Web has only improved our quality of life. People don’t perceive online technology as a problem but as a solution to make our lives cheaper and efficient. As a working college student, my whole life is run on the internet. I use Facebook religiously to keep in-touch with my friends, I play Xbox Live to competeRead More Sex Addiction Essays1379 Words   |  6 PagesSex Addiction Addiction, a compulsive psychological need for a habit-forming substance according to an online dictionary (p). In this instance, the substance is sex or masturbation. A sex addict needs progressively more and more explicit pornographic material in order to become aroused. Their behavior becomes centered on different sexual experiences and the desire to attain them. The person cannot control their sexual appetites resulting in severe consequences for themselves and others. SexRead MoreSex can be an Addiction1083 Words   |  4 Pagescan be an Addiction About Sexual addiction Do you think sex addition is a real disease? According to Karen Huffman, sex is defined as a biological maleness and femaleness including chromosomal sex; also sexual behaviors, such as masturbation and intercourse. Addiction, is a broad term describing a compulsion to the use a specific drug or engage in a certain activity according to the Psychology in Action textbook (Huffman, 2012). In our society today being a sex addict is an addiction that is sometimes

Maricalum Mining Corporation (MMC) Free Essays

Maricalum Mining Corporation (MMC) in south Negros. Having 2,673 claims on mining in Barangays Cansauro, Hinablan, Tao-angan and Hinablan, of the towns of Cauayan and Sipalay, Negros Occidental. Actually I had gone into the place and had seen the impact of the mining in the people and to its natural habitat. We will write a custom essay sample on Maricalum Mining Corporation (MMC) or any similar topic only for you Order Now Especially on Sipalay, I saw dead mountains, white ones. Waters sources and the rivers covered with the area are not portable therefore the people would go to the lowlands to buy fresh water to drink. Crops productions are cut into halves and the villagers experience skin diseases. Poisoning and many fish kills are reported before. People would always complain about the air pollution brought by it causing suspended sandstorms and dust particles. 2. One of the government policies was REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7942 or also known as â€Å"PHILIPPINE MINING ACT OF 1995†. This policy states that the all the private and public mining land are owned by the state. Therefore the government and other private sectors are responsible to the development, utilization and conservation of the place. Protecting the rights of affected communities and limits the land that are available for mining. Section 7, Article X of the constitution provides that LGU or Local Government Units are responsible to protect and co-manage the environment and to enhance the right of the people. Both RA belongs in the EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 79 created by state. How to cite Maricalum Mining Corporation (MMC), Papers

Introduction to Data Science Report on Cookies Limited

Question: Write areport on Cookies Limited. Answer: 1.0 Introduction In this assignment, the different changes needed in the organizational structure of the company have been discussed. For this purpose, changes are to be brought in the data collection and storage systems of the company (Chamberlain et al. 2015). These possible changes have been discussed along some modifications that are necessary for expanding the companys business. Again, some suggestions have been provided regarding implementation of customer-centric product design and business to increase customer base and gain more revenue (Andreassen et al. 2016). Furthermore, some recommendations have been provided regarding the action plan of the company during power outages and other disasters. 2.0 Data Collection and Storage 2.1 Data Collection System For implementing online business as well as new information system, a new data collection system is to be implemented by Cookies Limited in order to make the information system more efficient. There are two aspects that are to be considered during implementing a data collection system (Brown and Wyatt 2015). These are qualitative and quantitative. For qualitative data collection, the company needs to survey regarding the quality and flavor of products produced as well as the quality of products most of the customers prefer. For the quantitative data collection, company needs to analyze the net sales of each flavor of the cookies and increase production of those that have maximum popularity (Cornish et al. 2015). There are many online vendors that provide cheap and efficient data collection tools that can be implemented by Cookies Limited for their data collection system. 2.2 Storage System For online business, the storage system needs to be upgraded. It can be virtual storage system along with hardware storage support. However, there are several requirements that must be kept in mind. First, there should be two different memories for qualitative and quantitative data collection and storage (Pang et al. 2015). These memories should act differently but maintain a balance between the two and the data should be easy to access. This system can be implemented by using cloud computing services. Cloud computing provides efficient virtual interface for storage and operations of data. Second, security measures should be taken in all types of storage system used, be it virtual or physical (Brewer and Guiterman 2016). Moreover, back up memory should be created in case of emergencies. Finally, the computer systems are to be upgraded in order to support the new storage and information systems with maximum efficiency. 3.0 Data in Action 3.1 Consumer-centric Product Design In this part of the organizational plan, the company needs to consider public demands as well as specific products popularity in order to manufacture better products and achieve more success in business. For this, the company needs to design its products in a customer-centric manner (Li et al. 2015). For instance, the company should conduct a survey to determine which flavors of cookies are most popular among the customers. They should conduct another survey among regular customers to know about possible new flavors they can produce to increase customer happiness as well as popularity. If they can implement the necessary changes, the company can also gain huge revenues from cookie sells (Stanek, Babkin and Zubov 2016). Hence, the company needs to focus on the customer demands and design products accordingly. Again, there should be another step here. The company will have to design or implement an operational software that will be able to analyze the profit ratios of each flavor of th e cookies. In other words, the software will calculate profit percentages by measuring revenue to production ratio that will give the company an idea which products to emphasize on and which not (Gupta et al. 2015). The flavors that will have highest revenue production ratio should be produced in greater amounts to satisfy customers and gain more popularity. Again, the product design should be such that it will ensure popularity. For example, if they make a cookie whose flavor is based on some sour fruits, that flavor will be almost certain a failure in the commercial scale. On the other hand, a cookie flavored with nuts and dry fruits will almost certainly achieve commercial success (Kamal et al. 2016). These customer-centric products designs are to be considered by Cookies Limited authority. 3.2 Recommendation System Not each company will have the same customer measurements to gauge customer centricity. Nonetheless, the two most imperative customer centric measurements that ought to be deliberately checked are churn rate and customer lifetime values. Churn Rates - Gaining new customers is getting more troublesome. Along these lines, more organizations are putting resources into continuing existing customers as opposed to attempting to discover new ones: Acquiring new customers can cost up to 5x more than continuing existing customers A 2% expansion in customer maintenance has the same impact on benefits as cutting expenses by 10% On an average, companies lose approx. 10% of its customer base every year Companies with a high degree of consistency become quicker. The way to achievement is to comprehend why individuals leave, and why individuals remain customers. To figure the churn rate, measure the quantity of customers who left in the most recent 12 months separated by the normal number of aggregate customers (amid the same period). Customer Lifetime Value (CLV) For a customer driven business, the most significant resource is the customer. The benefits created amid the maintenance stage are regularly known as customer lifetime quality or CLV. Customer Lifetime Value (CLV) measures the benefit your association makes from any given customer. To compute CLV, the income the company procures from a customer is to be taken, the cash spent on serving them is to be subtracted and the majority of the installments for time estimation of cash is to be modified. Another approach to ascertain it is to take normal request esteem and rehash buy rates. For instance, if the companys normal request worth is $100 and the rehash buy rate per customer is 20% the companys assessed CLV is $125. Computing the customer lifetime esteem helps the company comprehend why it bodes well to put resources into keeping its customers. It is an extraordinary approach to get a comprehension of the customer portfolio and to fragment the customer. The movement towards turning into a really customer-centric company is both unpredictable and long in any case, the company should not be put off by this as even the littlest changes to strategy and procedures can have a critical advantage for both representative and the companys customers. Being a client driven association is the Holy Grail towards opening the genuine capability of client worth. The company should continuously place itself in the shoes of the customer to minimize client exertion and augment client esteem. 4.0 Business Continuity: Survival of Online Business during Disasters In case of Data Center Disaster Recovery Planning, the operational plan should be designed with protecting the organizations investment in information technology (Kamat and Liang 2016). The required planning is to be integrated within the server management, for further scenarios of disruption. For identifying the survival planning and checklist making, the designers required to make suitable backup mechanisms (Gupta et al. 2016). The relevant assumptions are considered in this aspect as following: Data center building that is physical infrastructure, construction architecture, building blueprints, and floor areas Power generation of the circuitry as in commercial power and backup power systems Power protection as in proper grounding of entire circuitry, line conditioners, lightning arrestors, and suppressors Environment as in overheating, ventilation, and air circulation in form of air conditioning Critical systems in servers, VoIP systems for calling, cable systems, distribution of power units Other aspects as in fire protection, utilities, and work space management Now, the organization should consider some disaster response making over identified factors to mitigate (Pancholi and Patel 2016). The factors are to be accounted as in following items and considerations: Most serious data center threats as fire, power outage, failure in system, personnel blunder, security breach, and others. The assumptions may be wrong, the corrections should be made accordingly (Sahebjamnia, Torabi and Mansouri 2015). Outdated backup process in case of system management and protection Stating an acceptable outage time for controlling the suspended work and its impact Emergency teams that can be trained for the same purpose (Phillips 2015) Previous disaster reports and the lessons learnt to avoid same type of mistakes and faults The suitable checklists can be prepared according to some sorts of scenarios as in power outage, Server failure, Data center files, and other disasters. The power outage checklists are prepared for action taken and comments regarding the action (Cook 2015). The actions may be separate under certain scenarios. The power outage scenario includes the actions as determining the outage cause, staff required for evacuation, potential damage to the firm, utility power management, and others. Again, in scenario of server failure, the actions should be checking situations as server outage, loss of data, and others, contacting senior personnel management and regular progress maintenance (Chang 2015). The remedial actions should be taken for data center files management are using extinguishers for fire suppression, after fire is extinguished, the damage assessment is to be performed. These were the disaster recovery steps and systematic planning in present scheme of disasters (Downey 2015). The post-disaster assessments should be conducted as in reviewing the scenario, indentifying the cause of the disaster, and determining what happened in that situation and how the recovery is conducted and its preferable relocation of the servers as well. The disasters might have some adverse effects in maintaining the services of online business, however; this planning required to be followed considering all the impact of the disasters (Marn et al. 2015). In this manner, the checklists will help the organization to take control of the 5.0 Conclusion In this report, several aspects of business requirements have been discussed in detail. These aspects include implementation of new data collection and storage system that are essential for implementing the new organizational plan for Cookies Limited. The company looks to implement customer-centric online business for which they need to use a new data collection system in order to make the information system more efficient as well as a virtual storage system with hardware backup. For the customer-centric business plan, the company needs to consider public demands as well as specific products popularity in order to manufacture better products and achieve more success in business. Most serious data center threats as fire, power outage, failure in system, personnel blunder, security breach, and others serious issues as well. For this, the company needs to design its products in a customer-centric manner. Again, there may be cases of power outages and disasters that may hamper the busine ss of the company. The recommendations for the company in such cases have also been provided. 6.0 Recommendation The recommendations for the company are as follows: A new data collection system is to be implemented by Cookies Limited in order to make the information system more efficient. For qualitative data collection, the company needs to survey regarding the quality and flavor of products produced as well as the quality of products most of the customers prefer. For the quantitative data collection, company needs to analyze the net sales of each flavor of the cookies and increase production of those that have maximum popularity. The company needs to consider public demands as well as specific products popularity in order to manufacture better products and achieve more success in business. The company needs to design its products in a customer-centric manner. The company will have to design or implement operational software that will be able to analyze the profit ratios of each flavor of the cookies. The company should check two most imperative customer centric measurements, the churn rate, and the customer lifetime values. References Andreassen, T.W., Kristensson, P., Lervik-Olsen, L., Parasuraman, A., McColl-Kennedy, J.R., Edvardsson, B. and Colurcio, M., 2016. Linking service design to value creation and service research.Journal of Service Management,27(1), pp.21-29. Brewer, P.W. and Guiterman, C.H., 2016. A new digital field data collection system for dendrochronology.Dendrochronologia,38, pp.131-135. Brown, T. and Wyatt, J., 2015. Design thinking for social innovation.Annual Review of Policy Design,3(1), pp.1-10. Chamberlain, M., Esquivel, J., Miller, F. and Patmore, J., 2015. BT's adoption of customer centric design.Applied ergonomics,46, pp.279-283. Chang, V., 2015. Towards a Big Data system disaster recovery in a Private Cloud.Ad Hoc Networks,35, pp.65-82. Cook, J., 2015. A six-stage business continuity and disaster recovery planning cycle.SAM Advanced Management Journal,80(3), p.23. Cornish, K., Goodman-Deane, J., Ruggeri, K. and Clarkson, P.J., 2015. Visual accessibility in graphic design: A clientdesigner communication failure.Design Studies,40, pp.176-195. Downey, A., 2015, November. Creating healthier, more resilient and sustainable communities: Applying a health-in-all-policies approach to disaster recovery. In143rd APHA Annual Meeting and Expo (Oct. 31-Nov. 4, 2015). APHA. Gupta, A., Gupta, S., Ge, R. and Zong, Z., 2015, December. CRUSH: Data collection and analysis framework for power capped data intensive computing. InGreen Computing Conference and Sustainable Computing Conference (IGSC), 2015 Sixth International(pp. 1-6). IEEE. Gupta, U.K., Bauer, A.L., Parenti, M.A. and Todd, S.J., Emc Corporation, 2016.Supplying software via data storage system. U.S. Patent 9,262,146. Kamal, A.H., Bull, J., Ritchie, C.S., Kutner, J.S., Hanson, L.C., Friedman, F., Taylor, D.H. and Group, A.R.C.W., 2016. Adherence to Measuring What Matters Measures Using Point-of-Care Data Collection Across Diverse Clinical Settings.Journal of pain and symptom management,51(3), pp.497-503. Kamat, M. and Liang, S., Emc Corporation, 2016.Online replacement of physical storage in a virtual storage system. U.S. Patent 9,250,823. Li, T., Vedula, S.S., Hadar, N., Parkin, C., Lau, J. and Dickersin, K., 2015. Innovations in data collection, management, and archiving for systematic reviews.Annals of internal medicine,162(4), pp.287-294. Marn, A., Bodin, ., Gelcich, S. and Crona, B., 2015. Social capital in post-disaster recovery trajectories: Insights from a longitudinal study of tsunami-impacted small-scale fisher organizations in Chile.Global Environmental Change,35, pp.450-462. Pancholi, V.R. and Patel, B.P., 2016. Enhancement of Cloud Computing Security with Secure Data Storage using AES.International Journal for Innovative Research in Science and Technology,2(9), pp.18-21. Pang, Z., Chen, Q., Han, W. and Zheng, L., 2015. Value-centric design of the internet-of-things solution for food supply chain: value creation, sensor portfolio and information fusion.Information Systems Frontiers,17(2), pp.289-319. Phillips, B.D., 2015.Disaster recovery. CRC press. Sahebjamnia, N., Torabi, S.A. and Mansouri, S.A., 2015. Integrated business continuity and disaster recovery planning: Towards organizational resilience.European Journal of Operational Research,242(1), pp.261-273. Stanek, J., Babkin, E. and Zubov, M., 2016. A new approach to configurable primary data collection.Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine. Whybark, D.C., 2015. Co-creation of improved quality in disaster response and recovery.International Journal of Quality Innovation,1(1), pp.1-10.

Groucho Marx and the progression from vaudeville to movies, to radio and to television in the history of popular culture. Essay Example

Groucho Marx and the progression from vaudeville to movies, to radio and to television in the history of popular culture. Essay The youngest of the Marx Brothers trio, Julius â€Å"Groucho† Marx, was also the most popular and versatile of the siblings. Groucho Marx’s place in the American comedy canon is undisputed and he is regarded second only to Charlie Chaplin in terms of his status in the comedian fraternity. While most comedians of his generation were stuck to one particular medium, Groucho was most remarkable for his adaptability and mastery of any new medium of entertainment that would appear at the time. For example, long after his brothers faded into retirement, Groucho was still holding stage in radio and Television. By studying the career of Groucho Marx in detail, much about the history of popular culture could be learned. Marx, having lived and performed in the first half of the twentieth century, bore witness to the advances in the way entertainment will be produced and delivered. Hence, Marx’s progress as a performer is interlinked with the revolutionary technological adva ncements of the day. (The Best of Groucho, 37) Vaudeville was a highly innovative form of entertainment that was very popular during the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century. It comprised a series of short but action-packed â€Å"acts† that could range from comedy skits to dance and music to mimicry. The acts were performed for a direct audience similar to the contemporary theatre and hence required the actors to possess qualities of spontaneity and talents for ad-libbing. Groucho Marx was a prominent exponent of this form of entertainment. The comedy team of the Marx Brothers is best remembered for how they induced convulsions of laughter in the audience. Groucho’s quick wit and funny insults during the Vaudeville days are still remembered fondly by his fans. (The Best of Groucho, 37) We will write a custom essay sample on Groucho Marx and the progression from vaudeville to movies, to radio and to television in the history of popular culture. specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Groucho Marx and the progression from vaudeville to movies, to radio and to television in the history of popular culture. specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Groucho Marx and the progression from vaudeville to movies, to radio and to television in the history of popular culture. specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Marx Brothers’ made a move into a more conventional form of performance art when they worked for the Broadway show â€Å"I’ll Say She Is†. The success of this show led to the more popular shows like The Cocoanuts (1925) and Animal Crackers (1928). This was about the time when silent movies were taking centre stage. It led to both Cocoanuts and Animal Crackers being made into â€Å"talkies†. Its success led to further silent movie offers from Paramount Studios – Monkey Business (1931), Horse Feathers (1932) and Duck Soup (1933). Although these movies were regarded as classics by the critics, their box-office returns were uninspiring, leading to speculation that the Marx Brothers’ days in Hollywood were at an end. (Rosten 104). But contrary to expectations, the Marx Brothers, led by Groucho, revived their Hollywood fortunes through their masterpiece film A Night at the Opera (1935). Some of the more memorable songs from this period include â€Å"Hooray for Captain Spaulding† and â€Å"Lydia the Tattooed Lady†; the trend culminating in 1951 hit Double Dynamite starring Jane Russell. This prolonged Groucho Marx’s career in Hollywood till 1941, by which time he retired from film-making. This was a crucial juncture in Groucho Marx’s career as an important decision awaited him. He would have to choose between a flagging career in the films and a less glamorous foray into radio, which was at its peak popularity in the 1940’s. In the end, Marx’s dedication to the art and his creative versatility led him to choose the latter. This embarked his stint with the radio. During the first few years Groucho Marx saw very little success. His early forays in radio met with only moderate success. The best series produced by the brothers during this period was the 1932 production Flywheel, Shyster and Flywheel. Marx’s faith in his own talent and the potential of the radio as a medium was to reap him rewards eventually. His 1947 quiz show You Bet Your Life was a roaring success and remains one of the highlights of this talented performer. A notable feature of the show was the generous splattering of impromptu comments and wisecracks from the master comedian, which had been a defining hallmark of Groucho Marx right through his career. The success of this show, which ran till 1956, would lead Marx into the next stage in his evolution as an artist and performer. (Rogers 110) The phenomenal success of the radio show prompted to its equivalent being made for television. The television version of the show found equally good acclaim and popularity – it secured several Emmy awards. Television also transformed Groucho from a group performer (as part of the Marx Brothers) to an individual act; although he still occasionally performed with his brothers. Another TV show hosted by Groucho at this time was Tell It To Groucho (1962) that was broadcast on CBS; although it was not nearly as popular as the former. In 1965, Groucho Marx moved across the Atlantic to do a show for the British audience. This show, titled Groucho, met only with lukewarm success. But it goes to show the versatility of the artist in Groucho to play to varied sets of audiences. (Rogers 110) Marx remained dedicated to Television for the rest of his illustrious career. This could be taken as an evidence for the grip the medium held on the public consciousness. He partnered Bill Cosby in an improvised variety show which exhibited Groucho Marx’s ability to make complete use of the potential offered by Television as a medium. Years later, much weak due to ill health, Marx still managed to find success in television; but this time in the more subdued form of guest appearances. This is not to say that Marx completely detached himself from other art forms; he was always giving occasional performances in the theatre and in the films right till his death in 1977. A most fitting tribute for his life-time dedication to comedy and entertainment came in the form of an honorary Oscar award in 1974, which was also his last public appearance (Oder 148). Groucho Marx’ legacy could be observed from the number references made to him in the history of popular culture. Bugs Bunny’s dressing as Groucho in the 1947 production Slick Hare is one such reference. The Way We Were party of 1973 thrown by Barbra Streisand saw the guest dressing up as one of the three Marx Brothers. The most witty of the references come in the form of the following comment by Sir Isaiah Berlin – â€Å"The world wouldn’t be /In such a snarl /If Marx had been Groucho /Instead of Karl† (Rosten 104). Thus, a study of the life and career of Groucho Marx is also a study of the development and evolution of popular culture. Works Cited: Oder, Norman. â€Å"Love, Groucho: Letters from Groucho Marx to his Daughter Miriam.(Review).† Library Journal 124.9 (May 15, 1999): 148 â€Å"The Essential Groucho.(Book Review).† The New York Review of Books 47.12 (July 20, 2000): 8. Rosten, Leo. â€Å"I remember Groucho.† Reader’s Digest 121 (Nov 1982): 103(5). Rogers, Michael. â€Å"The Marx Bros. Scrapbook.† Library Journal 114.n19 (Nov 15, 1989): 110(1) â€Å"The best of Groucho.† Publishers Weekly 232.n23 (Dec 4, 1987): 37(1). â€Å"Love, Groucho.(Book Review)(Brief Review).† Contemporary Review 272.n1589 (June 1998): 332. The youngest of the Marx Brothers trio, Julius â€Å"Groucho† Marx, was also the most popular and versatile of the siblings. Groucho Marx’s place in the American comedy canon is undisputed and he is regarded second only to Charlie Chaplin in terms of his status in the comedian fraternity. While most comedians of his generation were stuck to one particular medium, Groucho was most remarkable for his adaptability and mastery of any new medium of entertainment that would appear at the time. For example, long after his brothers faded into retirement, Groucho was still holding stage in radio and Television. By studying the career of Groucho Marx in detail, much about the history of popular culture could be learned. Marx, having lived and performed in the first half of the twentieth century, bore witness to the advances in the way entertainment will be produced and delivered. Hence, Marx’s progress as a performer is .

Consideration for Ethics and Diversity Proposal

Consideration for Ethics and Diversity Proposal Ethics in organizations is an important ingredient of organizational success. Both the employers and employees ought to act ethically to ensure that the goals and objectives of the organization are achieved (Mello, 2006). However, given the different personalities and thinking of human beings, ethical problems in organizations are inevitable.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Consideration for Ethics and Diversity Proposal specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As such, it is important that the human resource department of each organization puts in place appropriate measures to deal with ethical problems facing them. It is because of this that most organizations have in place a â€Å"code of ethics† that shows the expectations of the employer with regard to ethics. The main ethical consideration affecting my division is the high rate of absenteeism by most of the workers. Upon careful review of the workers’ mas ter roll books and clocking schedule, I have noted with a lot of concern that most of the workers fail to report to work during some days of the week. This is a weighty issue because the production rate in my division has in turn significantly gone down. Upon further calculation of the hours lost by the absent employees, the Account department has noted a decline in company’s profits in the last quarter of the financial year. This prompted my department to find out the reasons behind the high rate of absenteeism. It has come to my attention that the workers are complaining of long working hours with few breaks which makes the workers very fatigued and opting to allocate themselves off-days by being absent from work. It is my humble request that a re-schedule is made on the duty rooster of the workers to incorporate more breaks during working hours as well as rotational off-days for the workers. I also request the incorporation of three shifts in my division instead of the cur rent two in order to have workers work for shorter hours. This will not only reduce the rate of absenteeism but it will boost the morale of the workers thus increasing productivity hence higher organizational profits. In addition, it will also improve the reputation of the company on the basis of corporate social responsibility. Diversity is yet another significant issue of concern in organizations. It is brought about by the differences in the culture, race, social class, age and gender of different people (Bohlander Snell, 2007). Given the increase in rate of globalisation where companies are operating in the international market, the issue of diversity is inevitable.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Miscommunication is one of the diversity considerations that are prevalent in my division. Given the fact that the division currently holds people from different cul tural backgrounds who speak different languages, the workplace has in the recent past become hostile. This has significantly affected productivity since most of the time is either spent in arguments or resolving disputes instead of doing constructive work as expected. It is therefore my appeal to the Human Resource Director that proper sensitization and education is done to all the workers in order to make them accustom to different cultures and backgrounds. This will help promote an open and clear atmosphere in the workplace where each individual feels safe and comfortable. This will in turn increase productivity of the workers hence profits. In addition, the human resource department could make formal communication to all the workers regarding the common language to be used in the company in order to avoid cases of miscommunication. Reference List Bohlander, G., Snell, S. (2007). Managing human resources (14th ed.). Mason, OH:  Thomson Higher Education. Mello, J. (2006). Strate gic Human Resource Management. Westford: South-Western  Cengage Learning.

Paragon investors, Vvsion of an organization and strategic planning Essay

Paragon investors, Vvsion of an organization and strategic planning - Essay Example In response, the directors John convened the Willamette renovation project to increase an incorporated management strategy to address the customer’s satisfaction, and how to make their company the best. Dr. Paul John oversees the implementations. Board members include representatives of business, local supervision utilities, communication media, investors, groups, and state and centralized management. The Executive Director, Mr. Rick James, and others staffed the Board’s efforts. Through a series of working groups, research and presentation, the company has been able to achieve its organization goals. Focus groups and stakeholder feedback and comments have also made the company be well know by many investors and have received many awards. Paragon investors accomplished its mandate when it presented its Strategy to the administrator and State elected representatives in February 2001. However, development of an inclusive strategy is just the development in the which has made the company be in the position of delivery it is today. I believe in the five years tomes this company will be known by the people how make the best investment because it has grown in to a leading investment company in a remarkably short time.... Most strategic plans deal with high level initiatives and reaching the organization goals, but don't get converted into in-progress projects and responsibilities that will be required to accomplish the plan. The following expressions have been used in strategic planning: preferred end states, tactics, policies, goals, objectives, strategies and actions. For an organization’s vision and objective to be effective, they must be made into the organization's culture. They should also be checked within and outwardly. The interior appraisal should focus on how staff inside the organization interprets their vision statement. The outer evaluation, which includes all of the businesses stakeholders, is essential since it offers a different viewpoint. There is a significant connection between vision and object. The planners must make sure that when there are planning they should know the vision of the organization. They should make sure that when planning they should stick to the vision o f the organization goals and objective. Vision of the organization help in implantation of the set objective of the organization goals, when an organization has set a period of a give time flame they make sure that, through planning, they are able to deliver the purpose of the organization. Many organizations have a close connection between objective and vision of the organization since the vision help in setting of the goals that need to be achieved. This also helps the managers of the organization as a guide line of what should achieve within a given time. 0rganization make sure that the objective and vision are well implemented to make that the achievement of the stet plans and organization goals are achieved. Strategy implementation is

Organization Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Organization Development - Essay Example This institution was founded in 1979 as a social service agency in St. Paul, Minnesota. In 1987, the agency opened an office in Bamburg, South Carolina with the executive director serving as the only staff person. This company does not have a merit system in place. There are enough employees now and the organization wants to implement an appropriate merit system. Within a few months of operation in South Carolina, the first child was placed in one of our foster homes and this institution have consistently grown since. By 1994, the need for serving a special population of foster youth was identified and the agency began providing a medically-fragile program. In March, 2005, Growing Home Southeast acquired the programs of Family Resources, Inc. of Beaufort, SC, increased its staff size to nearly fifty employees statewide, managed services for more than 200 clients and entered the home-based services market. Analysis of the organizational status of the Growing Home Southeast was conducted. Various aspects of the organization were studied such as the management of the organization, projects, supervision of the institution, management of client relationships and strategies. The researcher also performed extensive analysis of database and system response times with custom realtime diagnostic tools, and designed optimizations to address performance, bottlenecks, and increasing database capacity fourfold. According to Choo (2001), scanning or browsing behavior is influenced by external factors such as environmental turbulence and resource dependency, organizational factors such as the nature of the business and the strategy pursued, information factors such... This essay stresses that environmental scanning is the acquisition and use of information about events, trends, and relationships in an organization's external environment, the knowledge of which would assist management in planning the organization's future course of action. Thispaper makes a conclusion that organizations scan the environment in order to understand the external forces of change so that they may develop effective responses which secure or improve their position in the future. They scan in order to avoid surprises, identify threats and opportunities, gain competitive advantage, and improve long- and short-term planning. To the extent that an organization's ability to adapt to its outside environment is dependent on knowing and interpreting the external changes that are taking place, environmental scanning constitutes a primary mode of organizational learning. Environmental scanning includes both looking at information (viewing) and looking for information (searching). It could range from a casual conversation at the lunch table or a chance observation of an angry customer, to a formal market research program or a scenario planning exercise. A sound business practices in place at the Growing Home Southeast will allow clients to meet their b asic necessities of living in addition to being able to save for more costly nonessential items. In addition, the organization may implement an electronic time keeping system to better manage overtime and payroll costs of its employees.

Efficient Market Hypothesis Of Thai Stock Market Dissertation

Efficient Market Hypothesis Of Thai Stock Market - Dissertation Example Value of Durbin-Watson statistics ranged from 0 to 4. A value of zero or near to zero indicated negative autocorrelation, while the value of 2 or near to 2 indicated a positive correlation. Findings as reported in chapter 4 demonstrate that values of Durbin-Watson test for SET 100 Index within series of daily data, monthly data and quarterly data were 1.014, .607, and 1.129 respectively. Therefore, in the individual cases of SET100 for daily and quarterly data, the Durbin-Watson test values were closer to value two that meant no autocorrelation within the finance sector for SET100 daily and quarterly data for the period of 1st January 2010 to December 2013. However, Durbin-Watson test reported for SET100 on monthly data revealed the autocorrelation within the finance sector of Thailand during 1st January 2010 and December 2013. When looked at the overall results of Durbin-Watson for SET100 Index, It was found that stock exchange market of Thailand was not fully efficient and demonstr ated the weak form of efficiency during the concerned period of four years. Findings of Durbin-Watson test for SET50 Index within series of daily data, monthly data and quarterly data were 1.129, 1.377. Results of SET50 Index within series of data from daily and monthly demonstrated that values nearer to the value of two. On other hands, the result of Durbin-Watson test for SET50 Index within series of data on quarterly showed the value of .706 that indicated autocorrelation in the Finance sector of Thailand during four years period.

The Use of ICT in Primary Science Learning

The Use of ICT in Primary Science Learning Earlier in the history of electronic advancement, children in highly developed countries had learned to appreciate and use simple to complex electronic gadgetries but never understood basic principles behind them. Some knew how to assemble robots but could not understand how the motor or magnets in it work. In other words they learn to walk before they crawl. Concerns have reached the classroom as today’s educational systems use more of ICT in teaching basic principles of English, Mathematics, and Science teaching. The question whether how much exposure and competence the pupils must have on certain science principles before they are exposed to ICT as a means of performing laborious, repetitive or more complex tasks is a challenge for educators of today. The schools and all education stakeholders must however understand that the uses of ICT tools are an advantage to both teachers and pupils. Results of several studies conducted throughout the world revealed that the use of ICT greatly increased the level of learning and understanding of the pupils on the scientific principles being studied (Betts, 2003, Mistler-Jackson Songer, 2000, Hogarth et. al, 2006). In fact the ICT tools can even be use to demonstrate science principles in a safer way. For instance, teaching electricity principles to pupils can be both interesting and dangerous. But the advent of computer hardwares and softwares has made it more motivating and rewarding minus the hazards. Primary knowledge and skills about how electrical circuits work, how much power is required for certain types of lights, and others can be learned through simulation and not in actual exposure to real electrical circuits. To determine if ICT is really needed for primary science education and understand when is the proper timing of its introduction into the learning process it is proper to understand first what ICT applications are necessary and how can they be integrated into the learning systems? What are the advantages and disadvantages of its applications? Types of ICT learning tools in science The use of ICT in teaching science for primary education came in various forms. Review of schools’ science teaching modules show the use of ICT hardwares and softwares to obtain and use science information, encoding of data, and creating presentations. Science information materials can be obtained from CD-ROM based encyclopedia and other e-books, journals, and articles, through a wide variety of Internet locations, and through local and international electronic library networks. There are a lot of word processing softwares that can be used to prepare science reports including customized programs for science report preparations. Data processing programs, spreadsheets, databases used for logging science data, processing them, and analyzing the results and its implications are already available for use. Higher-level applications include the use of simulation programs to explain scientific principles and perform experiments in virtual conditions. There are experiments, which are impractical to conduct under normal conditions but can be simulated in computers to show the implications to let the pupils appreciate and understand. Example to this are CD programs that show what would happen if we walk on surfaces of different planets, what are the magnitudes of the gravity in Mars, Pluto, our moons, and others. Children can appreciate the effects through computer images animated based on the actual situation in the simulated locations. Advantages of ICT science learning tools The use of ICT tools has a lot of identified advantages over the use of conventional methods of instructions such as the traditional ordinary chalk and board and the pen and paper system. Several of these identified edge of ICT is discussed below. In primary level ICT applications on data logging using sensitive probes to measure temperature, light, pressure, acidity, and other parameters increase the affectivity in data gathering and extend the range and accuracy of the observations. Ordinary tools used to gather these data such as thermometers, pressure gauges, pH meters or pH papers, and others require manual reading and data quality is dependent on the child’s skills and mode. The use of ICT based instruments has helped free the children from doing laborious task and repetitive works and focus their attention on analysing the meaning of the data. The use of networks through Internet, intranets, e-libraries, and other ICT medium widened the pupil’s access to information and even brought him to places virtual which cannot be accessed easily with conventional means without ICT. Children can access information from libraries in other European, American, Asian, and other countries around the globe without leaving the classroom. Simulation software used in science learning provides higher achievements of students than those not using the simulation, with girls achieving equally with boys (Huppert, 2002). The use of ICT in the classroom makes as much demand on teachers’ understanding and mediation as non-computer activities; however it speeds up the process and makes use of class times more efficiently by eliminating board works as replaced by computer presentations. Illustrations and examples are more realistic with use of virtual replica of real world figures like plants, animals, and objects. ICT has really made learning more fun and exciting and even made to raise the enthusiasm of the pupils as learning is made easy and enjoyable just like games. Disadvantages and problems Just like any other promising technologies the use of ICT has perceived problems in education and in application to teaching-learning in particular. Several reports and reviews enumerated these problems which can be grouped into: teacher related, facility related, and learner related. As far as the teachers are concerned, review of Hogarth, et. al (2006) revealed some of those involved in utilizing ICT in science classes have doubts over the value of ICT in promoting learning in science lessons. This is caused by the fact that many ICT resources have no clear rationale for their inclusion in teaching. The worst case is that some teachers lack adequate training to handle ICT programs and if they are trained they lack the time to plan for effective use of ICT in their lessons. Some teachers lack confidence on the effectiveness of some hardware and software used in the process while others felt threatened by the presence in the classroom of a new, powerful source of information. Yerrick Hoving (1999) also reported that despite similarities in teachers knowledge on ICT the implementation of ICT programs differ with teachers which could have been affected by the school’s and teacher’s practices. In relation to facilities, Hogarth, et al. (2006) reported there are planning difficulties associated with banks of networked computers being located centrally in rooms which had to be booked in advance for the instructional purposes. These are caused by shortage of computers and other hardware and the lack of technical support. Materials in CD-ROMS and websites used in science researches must be controlled to conform to standards. Proliferation of non-approved materials in CDs and online can be a threat to performance and the quality of primary science learning. On the part of the pupils the use ICT, which speeds up the processes may cause learning disparities across different types and learning capacities of pupils especially in the heterogeneous classes wherein fast learners are merged with medium and slow learners. The Importance and Timing of ICT programs in science learning. It has been properly illustrated above that advantages of using ICT in primary science education outweighs that of the disadvantages and that problems identified from different settings can be solved with proper planning and coordination among stakeholders. Whether or not to adopt ICT programs to improve the learning of process skills among primary science pupils is already out of question. The question would be how much exposure to theories and learning the principles of science process skills the learners need before they are exposed to ICT applications. Is it necessary that theories must be learned first before application, or the other way around? The answer requires common sense and areas of concern must be dealt in a case to case basis. There are process skills that require just basic competency such as data encoding, internet browsing, CD-ROMS access. But there are skills that require just theoretical knowledge before ICT applications are used. Graphing is one particular case. To understand the graph, pupils must be taught how it is done and how to anaylyse them. But there are cases when innovativeness and flexibility on the part of the teacher is a better judge. To site an example in most cases pupils are taught about the basics on the physico-chemical properties, such as those mentioned above (temperature, pressure, pH, etc) and what these things are all about before they must be exposed on how to obtain the measurable properties whether conventional of through ICT. The use of ICT here just replaces the conventional which at this age are really outdated. But try to think that other teachers uses unique methods of presenting situations first via simulation software or even data logging programs to spur curiosity among pupils before discussing in depth the concepts behind them. Concepts such as magnetism, the earth, and others can be treated this way. Unless properly regulated, a teacher has the leeway to use his styles in order to achieve the learning outcomes. As a matter of fact, â€Å"who discourages innovation?† Conclusion We have lived into the Third Wave, the Information Age, and no one can argue about that. Whether we like it on not everyone even those who are out of school are exposed to ICT in everyday lives from the TV, the microwave ovens, the heaters, the street lights and everything. These electronic gadgets which have ICT software integrated in them confront us without any advance or basic knowledge about the theories behind them. The fact is everything can be learned if one desires. So if you are tasked to know how to operate a microwave oven you don’t have to understand how the microwave works on the food. But if you want to know about it you have the prerogative to learn. The point is as long as the basic requirement is satisfied then let the children use ICT to learn more. References British Educational Communications and Technology Agency (Becta). 2004. Moving on: The role of ICT in pupil’s transition. Millburn Hill Road Science Park Coventry CV4 7JJ Information and communication technology in primary schools The Annual Report of Her Majesty’s Chief Inspector of Schools 2004/05. Retrived on Jan 4, 2008 from http://live.ofsted.gov.uk/publications/annualreport0405/4.1.6.html Betts, S., (2003). Does the use of ICT affect quality in learning science at Key Stage 3? Studies in Teaching and Learning, pp. 9-17. Hogarth S, Bennett J, Lubben F, Campbell B, Robinson A (2006) ICT in Science Teaching. Technical Report. In: Research Evidence in Education Library. London: EPPI-Centre, Social Science Research Unit, Institute of Education, University of London. Huppert, J. (2002). Computer simulations in the high school: Students cognitive stages, science process skills and academic achievement in microbiology. International Journal of Science Education, 24 (8), pp. 803-821. Mistler-Jackson, M., Songer, N.B., (2000). Student motivation and internet technology: Are students empowered to learn science? Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 37 (5), pp. 459-479. Yerrick, R., Hoving, T., (1999). Obstacles confronting technology initiatives as seen through the experience of science teachers: A comparative study of science teachers beliefs, planning, and practice. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 8 (4), pp. 291-307.

Spanish Painters :: essays research papers

Spanish painter, the country's greatest baroque artist, who, with Francisco de Goya and El Greco, forms the great triumvirate of Spanish painting. Velà ¡zquez was born in Seville on June 6, 1599, the oldest of six children; both his parents were from the minor nobility. Between 1611 and 1617 the young Velà ¡zquez worked as an apprentice to Francisco Pacheco, a Sevillian Mannerist painter who became Velà ¡zquez's father-in-law. During his student years Velà ¡zquez absorbed the most popular contemporaneous styles of painting, derived, in part, from both Flemish and Italian realism. Many of his earliest paintings show a strong naturalist bias, as does The Meal, which may have been his first work as an independent master after passing the examination of the Guild of Saint Luke. This painting belongs to the first of three categories—the bodegà ³n, or kitchen piece, along with portraits and religious scenes—into which his youthful works, executed between about 1617 and 1623, may be placed. In his kitchen pieces, a few figures are combined with studied still-life objects, as in Water Seller of Seville. The masterly effects of light and shadow, as well as the direct observation of nature, make inevitable a comparison with the work of the Italian painter Caravaggio. Velà ¡zquez's religious paintings, images of simple piety, portray models drawn from the streets of Seville, as Pacheco states in his biography of Velà ¡zquez. In Adoration of the Magi, for example, the artist painted his own family in the guise of biblical figures, including a self-portra it as well. Velà ¡zquez was also well acquainted with members of the intellectual circles of Seville. Pacheco was the director of an informal humanist academy; at its meetings the young artist was introduced to such people as the great poet Luis de Gà ³ngora y Argote, whose portrait he executed in 1622. Such contact was important for Velà ¡zquez's later work on mythological and classical subjects. In 1622 Velà ¡zquez made his first trip to Madrid, to see the royal painting collections, but more likely in an unsuccessful search for a position as court painter. In 1623, however, he returned to the capital and, after executing a portrait of the king, was named official painter to Philip IV. The portrait was the first among many such sober, direct renditions of the king, the royal family, and members of the court. Indeed, throughout the later 1620s, most of his efforts were dedicated to portraiture. Mythological subjects would at times occupy his attention, as in Bacchus or The Drinkers.

Motorcycle Diaries Essay Essay

The movie â€Å"The Motorcycle Diaries† is very interesting in a way that, Ernesto not only takes a journey across Latin America but he also experiences a mental journey. His way of thinking and outlook on life changes drastically and this is illustrated all throughout the movie. He also discovers a great deal about life in Latin America that affects him in a way nothing else has before. Ernesto’s mental journey becomes clearer towards the end of the movie. It shows that he has changed and now has realized he can make a huge difference in many others lives. At first in the movie he and his companion do whatever it takes to rest and eat because at this time all they were concerned about was traveling around America. As more time passes, Ernesto gets incredibly serious and starts to show much concern for the people they meet. An example is when they meet the older gentleman and he asked them to take a look at the lump on his neck. This was when Ernesto told him that it was not just any ordinary lump, but it was indeed a tumor. Ernesto then suggests he go to the hospital, while Ernesto’s friend tells the man it’s nothing just so they can have a place to stay for the night. I believe this was a very bold move for him because it cost them their shelter for the night. By doing this he really demonstrates that he himself is more concerned about others lives then petty things, such as where he will sleep for the night. Although Latin America looks like a peaceful pleasant country, many people are very ill. Ernesto discovers this when he visits the one village. He experiences how truly sick they all are from all the disease. Up until this point he had pitied himself for having asthma, but now he has become thankful that he has good health. You can tell how caring and warm-hearted he has become at this point in the movie. An example of this is when he refuses to wear the gloves because he feels cruel doing so, as if he’d be acting as if they were animals not everyday people, the same as himself. From the day he stepped foot in this village he never treated any of the patients different and they loved being around him. It was amazing because you could just tell how much it meant to them for him to be there. All and all Ernesto learned and discovered a great deal within this film. He  changed much in his life and his attitude toward the world through this one journey. I believe there is one thing he will always take with him from this experience. That one thing is that he learned that he can make a huge difference in the lives of many just by caring enough to do so.

My favorite things Essay

It is often said that the best things in life are free, I, for one, fully agree with the statement. To me, “best” does not imply the most beautiful or glamorous, or the most indulgent or heavenly, but it is those things which I held to be the most valuable and precious in my life. Most people would choose to write about their role model (usually their mother), or the sunset, or even the rain. Some would write about food, others about clothes. I, on the other hand, have “favourite” things of a very different kind. It might sound strange, but my favourite things are: my eyes, my nose, my mouth, my ears, and my hands. Although they are nothing out of the ordinary (no unfortunately I havenÂ’t been blessed with aquamarine eyes, or perfectly pouting lips), these features are my favourite things because of their ability to evoke in me experience of pure, unadulterated bliss. Take my eyes, for instance. People say that oneÂ’s eyes are the window to oneÂ’s soul. Then I must have a fairly bleak, run-of-the mill type of soul, for what you will see when you look at my eyes are two dark-brown, round buttons. They do not exude any magnetism; neither do they give off an aura of mystery and melodrama. But, they have been the rolls with which I have been able to witness many a beautiful sunset. The sun spreads its mosaic of colour on the horizon, amidst wisps of drifting clouds, as hues of russet pink and violet glisten across the sapphire sky. Then, darkness tears the sky asunder, as day slips into night, providing a canvas for the vast constellation of stars that sparkle majestically, illuminated by the glow of the moon. Serenity fills my souls and soothes my mind as the magnificence and splendour of the sunset captives me. My next favourite thing is my nose, a feature that quite dominant on my visage, conspiracy exhibiting its own sense of prominence. I assume that it could serve as a rather good model to demonstrate inclined planes in a Physics practical or even gradient in Analytical Geometry. However, I hold my nose in high esteem for the many delectable scents that it allows me to smell: the subtle scent of a delicate flower that tickles the nostrils like a gentle breeze; a calming perfume that comforts my heart; a beautiful fragrance that is soft yet intense; subtle powerful, aromatic blends that  engulf the nostrils with sweet smell. Not much can be said about my mouth. Although my upper lip is a perfectly shaped CupidÂ’s bow, my lower lip seems to have natural Botox. I would also have preferred my lips to be more of a rosy-plink colour, rather than the dull mauve that they are. However, all disappointments disappear when I consider the heavenly taste of chocolate mousse that has passed through these same lips- the feeling of pleasure and contentment that engulfs my entire being as the rich taste intoxicates my sense, is unmatchable. The sensation of sweetness soaks into my taste buds, as it slowly oozes down my throat and into my oesophagus. The last of my favourite things are my hands, which are preceded by skinny elongated arms, both of which could be used rather effectively in a Geography lesson to teach the concept of a river and its many tributaries, due to the map of the deep-blue veins that run their course along the inside of my arms. Yet, this ghostly sight is forgotten when I remember the soothing feeling of a long, hot bath and the silky sensation of warm soap bubbles against my skin. All stress and tension drains away into the soapy water and my body feels rejuvenated and invigorated, the mind floating upwards like a soap bubble, into another realm. So these are my favourite “things”. Of course, they come with their own imperfection but I am nevertheless extremely grateful for hem. My favourite things bring me feelings of joy, love, and achievements, success, giving, and caring, all of which cannot be seen or even touched. They can only be felt with the heart.

Life Cycle Assessment Concepts Implementation And Problems An Environmental Sciences Essay Example

Life Cycle Assessment Concepts Implementation And Problems An Environmental Sciences Essay Example Life Cycle Assessment Concepts Implementation And Problems An Environmental Sciences Essay Life Cycle Assessment Concepts Implementation And Problems An Environmental Sciences Essay With the addition in industrialisation and its impact on the Earth, there is an increasing concern for the hereafter of human sort. Wordss like sustainability and sustainable development are being used more often. Sustainability is a multidimensional construct and focuses on the ternary bottom line construct i.e. ecological, societal and economic aims. The purpose was to accomplish sustainable development through the integrating of the environmental dimension into all policy countries and the shared duty among all the defilers, public and private. To accomplish sustainable development ends must be assessed. Since sustainability is a wide construct including ecological, societal and economic ends and efficient and dependable tool is required. Ness et Al. ( 2007 ) see that the intent of a sustainability appraisal is to supply decision-makers with an rating of planetary to local incorporate nature-society systems in short and long term positions in order to help them to find which actions should or should non be taken in an effort to do society more sustainable . Life Cycle Assessment ( LCA ) is a merchandise related tool. It is more specific than other tools as it focuses on the flows related with production and ingestion of goods and services. The end is to measure the ingestion of natural resources and emanation of environmental tonss along the production or ingestion ironss or throughout the life rhythm of a merchandise or service. LCA is the most developed merchandise related tool. Harmonizing to Vigon et Al. ( 1993 ) , one of the first LCA surveies was conducted by Harold Smith, undertaking general director for the Douglas Point Nuclear Generating Station, Canada. A subsequently survey, carried out at Coca-Cola by Harry E. And Teastley Jr. , affecting multiple standards on the usage of plastic vs. glass bottles for packing took into history the full life rhythm of the merchandise. The survey revealed that the plastic bottles were less fouling than the glass bottles. These partial consequences raised treatments on the cogency of comparings and led the scientific community to believe of a standardization procedure. Nowadays LCA is standardized through the ISO 14040 series. Life Cycle Assessment ( LCA ) is a technique that is used to measure every impact associated with the phases of a procedure from cradle-to-grave. It is a holistic attack to measuring environmental effects of a merchandise, procedure or activity by looking at the full life rhythm of the merchandise, procedure or activity from the extraction of natural stuffs through to consumer usage. It maps the environmental effects throughout the full life rhythm. Figure 1 LCA is a systematic set of processs for analyzing and roll uping the inputs and end products of stuffs and energy and the associated environmental impacts straight attributable to the operation of a merchandise or service throughout its life rhythm. It can assist in avoiding a narrow mentality on environmental, societal and economic concerns ( the three-base hit bottom line ) . This can be achieved by following the ISO 14040 criterions for LCA and making the followers: Compilation of an stock list of inputs of energy and stuffs and environmental end products Identifying and finding the possible impacts related to the identified inputs and end products Interpreting the consequences in relation to the aims of the survey. The model for LCA is provided by the ISO 14040 series: ISO 14040:1997 on rules and model of LCA, ISO 14041:1999 on the definition of end and range and stock list analysis, ISO 14042:2000 on life rhythm impact appraisal, and ISO 14043:2000 on life rhythm reading. Before the LCA came the planetary modeling surveies and the energy audits of the late sixtiess and early seventiess. They were the precursors of the LCA and attempted to measure the cost of resources and environmental deductions of different forms of human behavior. The extension to these was the LCA and it became critical to back up the development of eco-labelling strategies presently in pattern in many states around the Earth. Before eco-labels can be granted, the presenting authorization demands to be able to measure the fabrication procedure, the ingestion of energy and the waste generated throughout the life rhythm of the merchandise or service and this is where the LCA came into image. A Life Cycle Assessment practician tabulates the environmental exchanges ( natural resources consumed and waste generated ) at every phase in a merchandise or service life rhythm. The life rhythm with its associated stuff and energy flows is called the merchandise system. A LCA can be conducted to bring forth environmental information on the life rhythm of the merchandise and the information can be used to do determinations about alterations that may be implemented in the merchandise system to cut down the environmental impacts. To accurately measure the loads placed on the environment by the industry of a merchandise or service a process must be followed or a procedure must be used. There are two chief phases in the procedure ; the first measure is data aggregation and the 2nd measure is the reading of the informations. LCA is a powerful tool which can assist regulators in explicating environmental policy and statute law, aid makers in analysing their procedures and bettering their merchandises and aid the consumers in doing informed determinations. Like most tools it must be decently used and non misused to supply promotion to a merchandise or service. LCA has a broad scope of applications. Some of the related applications which emerged during the development of LCA are: Internal industrial usage in merchandise development and betterment Internal strategic planning and policy determination support in industry, External industrial usage for selling intents, and Governmental policy devising in the countries of ecolabelling, green procurance and waste direction chances. Scope of LCA Figure 2 The range of LCA is the full life rhythm. It begins with the procurance of natural stuffs and ends with the disposal of the used merchandise. A LCA may be conducted by a house to place where betterments can be made, in environmental footings or it can be intended to supply environmental informations for the populace or to run into authorities ordinances. A recent phenomenon is the usage of LCA to market and advertise merchandises as being environmentally friendly or environmentally superior to other merchandises. The end in carry oning a LCA survey is to compare the full scope of ternary bottom line harm attributable to merchandises and services and to supply information to enable determinations to be made about taking the least onerous one. It provides a method to account for the cascading effects of engineerings used for bring forthing goods and services. It accurately measures the impact of engineering used to present merchandise and services. No affair how environmentally friendly, all merchandises have some impact on the environment. The purpose of LCA is to place which merchandises, processes or services are more harmful ( bring forth more pollution or waste than others and/or use more resources ) . Even for merchandises with a low environmental impact, LCA helps to place the phases in the fabrication procedure or in usage which can do pollution and those which require high stuff or energy input. Analyzing the production procedure in such all right item can besides help companies in placing countries where scarce resources are being used and assist them to replace more sustainable merchandises in their topographic point. It may besides take to increased efficiency and lower cost of production and take constrictions in the fabrication procedure. Phases in the LCA The four distinguishable stages of a LCA, harmonizing to the ISO 14040 and 14044 criterions, are end and range definition, stock list analysis, impact appraisal and reading as shown in figure 3. Figure 3 ISO model for LCA Goal and range definition Since LCA is a clip consuming and expensive procedure, the aims and range of the LCA demand to specify at the beginning in order to do efficient usage of clip and resources. The undermentioned six determinations need to be made at the beginning of the LCA procedure: 1. Specify the end of the undertaking 2. Determine the type of information needed by the determination shapers 3. Determine the degree of specificity 4. Determine how the information should be organized and the consequences displayed 5. Specify the range of the undertaking 6. Determine the land regulations for carry oning the survey In this stage the LCA practician decides and specifies the end and range of the survey in relation to the peculiar application. The aim of the survey is described in footings of a functional unit. The end and range address the overall attack to set up the system boundaries. The system boundaries in bend determine which unit procedures are included in the LCA. The end and range definition stage besides specifies the method used for measuring the possible environmental impacts. Inventory Analysis In the 2nd stage, information is collected and the merchandise is modelled. A description and confirmation of information is besides included. All informations related to the environmental and proficient measures for all relevant unit processes within the system boundaries are encompassed in this phase. To help the procedure of LCA, stock lists and patterning are carried out utilizing a dedicated package bundle, such as SimaPro, GaBi or TEAM. TEAM ( Tools for Environmental Analysis and Management ) is Ecobilian s Life Cycle Assessment package. Team allows the user to construct and utilize a big database and to pattern any system stand foring the operations associated with merchandises, procedures and activities. Team enables to depict any industrial system and to cipher the associated life rhythm stock lists and possible environmental impacts harmonizing to the ISO 14040 series of criterions. SimaPro, the most widely used LCA package, from PRe advisers. It offers parameterized modeling and comes with a big database included. GaBi from PE International offers Life Cycle Assessment harmonizing to ISO 14040/ 14044, design for environment A ; ecodesign, environmental merchandise declarations, merchandise C footmark, resource A ; energy efficiency and H2O footmark computations. To assist LCA practicians understand the environmental impact of stuff flows while bring forthing a stuff, constituent or assembly the National Renewable Energy Laboratory and spouses created the United States Life Cycle Inventory ( LCI ) Database. The LCA package mentioned above and other package analyze every phase of the merchandise s life rhythm based on the informations input by the LCA practician. Thus a LCA is merely every bit valid as its information. This makes it necessary for the LCA practician to hold an extended cognition and entree to the inside informations of the merchandise. The package can besides be used to pattern the implicit in costs and societal impacts. It can besides be designed to measure the life rhythm holistically or based on a specific facet such as waste minimisation. The information must be related to the range and ends defined in the first stage. Datas can be organized in tabular format and some illations can be drawn. The result of the stock list analysis stage is an LCI ( Life Cycle Inventory ) . LCI provides information about all inputs and end products in footings of an simple flow to and from the environment from all unit processes involved in the survey. Impact appraisal In the 3rd stage, the part to impact classs such as planetary heating, acidification, etc. is evaluated. In this the first measure is word picture. Characterization involves ciphering the impact potencies based on the LCI Results. Following this, the consequences are normalized and leaden ( these are voluntary harmonizing to ISO criterions ) . Normalizing involves giving all impacts the same units so that a footing for comparing can be established. Burdening implies attaching a weight factor to each impact class based on the comparative importance. Interpretation The last stage of the LCA is the reading stage. It includes an analysis of the sensitiveness of the information elements, the uncertainness and the major parts. It is the concluding phase where the ends of the survey can be met. It determines the assurance degree of the concluding consequence and involves pass oning them in a just, accurate and complete mode. It starts with the apprehension of the truth of the consequences and guaranting that they meet the ends defined in the first stage. This is done by placing the information elements that contribute significantly to each impact class, finding the sensitiveness and measuring their consistence and completeness. Decisions and recommendations are made based on the readings and an apprehension of the methodological analysis of the LCA and the derivation of consequences. Chapter II: Reappraisal OF LITERATURE There are many different fluctuations of the Life Cycle Assessment: Cradle-to-grave Cradle-to-gate Cradle-to-Cradle Gate-to-gate Cradle-to-gate Well-to-wheel Economic input-output life rhythm appraisal Ecologically-based LCA The assorted analytical tools to carry on life rhythm analysis are: Material Input per Unit of Service ( MIPS ) Environmental Risk Analysis ( ERA ) Material Flow Accounting ( MFA ) Cumulative Energy Requirements Analysis ( CERA ) Environmental Input-Output Analysis ( env, IOA ) Life Cycle Costing ( LCC ) Entire cost accounting ( TCA ) Cost-Benefit Analysis ( CBA ) Integrating Economic Analysis into LCA The differences between LCA and LCC ( Life Cycle Costing ) are: Figure 4 The separation of life rhythm environmental appraisal from economic analysis has several effects: It limits the influence and relevancy of LCA in determination devising. Not incorporating LCA and LCC leads to lost chances in alternate design determinations even when a LCC has been conducted at the same time with an LCA as trade-offs and relationships ca nt be examined. The LCA position and its consequences can hold of import economic relevancy for companies, which may be missed when cost analyses neglect LCA s range and findings. PTLaser and TCAce are two tools available to bridge the spread between LCA and LCC. Figure 5 Schematic of TCAce information flows These tools are assisting companies to break measure their determinations. Examples of LCA Unilever Bros. Ltd. Unilever is a transnational administration holding more than 275,000 employees with mills in 90 states and gross revenues in 150 states. Unilever s environment scheme is Eco-efficiency in the supply concatenation, Eco-innovation in merchandises and services, Sustainable Development Initiatives and Communication. Life Cycle Assessment helps to back up this scheme. Unilever has focused on environmental betterments of its ain procedures. It started using LCA to its merchandise systems in the late 1980s to place countries of important environmental impact, quantify Unilever s part to the entire impact and broaden the focal point of environmental betterments. Some of the merchandise systems studied utilizing LCA are: Frozen veggies Ice Cream Tea Tomato-based sauce Margarine and spreads Laundry merchandises Family cleaners Shower gels Toothpaste Figure 6 The result of the LCA was that Unilever realised that to accomplish important betterments and benefits to the environment they needed a new attack. They engaged in partnerships with the supply concatenation and started programmes to educate consumer. The LCA tool used by Unilever is shown in the figure: Figure 7 Unilever is committed to 3 sustainable development subjects: aˆ? Sustainable Fisheries aˆ? Sustainable Agribusiness aˆ? Clean Water Stewardship To carry on the Overall Business Impact Assessment ( OBIA ) , they performed a LCA of Unilever s Global Business. The function of LCA in sustainable agribusiness was that LCA methodological analysis was applied to each sustainable agribusiness pilot harvest. This provided an apprehension of environmental impacts across agricultural supply ironss, placed the agricultural phase in context with the remainder of supply concatenation and aided in the development of sustainability indexs. LCA in the clean H2O stewardship plan was done by set abouting Water imprint based on OBIA attack and regional appraisal of H2O supplies. It was based on the Life Cycle attack across the supply concatenation. The function of communicating in LCA can be divided into two sections: Internal Communications aˆ? Raising Awareness aˆ? Innovation support External Communiations aˆ? Trade aˆ? Regulators aˆ? European Commission aˆ? Industry aˆ? Corporate Environment Report aˆ? Unilever Internet Site aˆ? Conferences, Presentations aˆ? Brochures, publications The results of LCA for: Individual Merchandises Identified important environmental facets across the life rhythm of merchandises Placed Unilever part in context Aided in Internal communicating and consciousness elevation Provided support for new merchandise launch ( PR ) Increasing consideration of environmental facets in merchandise development/innovation ( ecodesign ) Development of tools to widen usage of LCA to a wider audience Strategic Level Determined extent of Unilever s planetary environmental impact Contributed to the induction of the Sustainable Development undertakings Life rhythm attack is built-in to certain facets of the Sustainable Development undertakings Therefore we can reason that LCA as a tool and construct is a cardinal, built-in constituent of Unilever s environmental scheme. Procter A ; Gamble A Life Cycle Assessment ( LCA ) database for laundry detergents of the Procter A ; Gamble Company ( P A ; G ) was constructed utilizing SimaPro package. The input informations needed to carry on a merchandise LCI came from several different, back uping databases to cover provider ( extraction and fabrication of natural stuffs ) , fabrication of the detergent merchandise, transit, packaging, and usage and disposal phases. Fabrication, packaging and transit phases are representative of European conditions while the usage and disposal phases are state specific and represent how consumers are utilizing a specific merchandise and how wastes are disposed of in their several states. The database was constructed to let Procter A ; Gamble directors to analyze detergent merchandises from a system-wide, functional unit point of position in a consistent, transparent and consistent mode. The figure shows the life rhythm as organized in the SimaPro package. A functional unit of 1000 wash rhythms was assumed. The analysis showed that more than 80 % of the energy ingestion occurs during the consumer usage phase ( chiefly for warming of the H2O ) . Air and solid waste follow the same form, most of these being associated with the energy coevals for the usage phase. More than 98 % of the biological O demand, nevertheless, is associated with the disposal phase even after accounting for remotion during intervention Figure 8 The SimaPro database was customized specifically to carry on life-cycle stock lists and impact appraisals of P A ; G laundry detergents. The building of the database allows a rapid, consistent and crystalline executing of an LCI for P A ; G laundry detergents. It enables the ranking of the life-cycle stages in footings of their parts to a certain emanation or impact class. The analysis presented here clearly demonstrates the qualitative decision that, from an LCA point-of-view, the merchandise usage phase is the most of import one ; most of the emanations and hence most of the environmental impact tonss are driven by how the consumer uses the detergent. Most of these emanations are generated during the production of energy to heat the H2O. Quantitatively, the impact of the consumer usage phase is really sensitive to variableness in consumer wonts every bit good as the features of the local electricity grid. The Dow Chemical Company By 2015 Dow purposes to duplicate the per centum of gross revenues to 10 % of merchandises which are advantaged by sustainable chemical science. Dow has been in LCA since the late 1980 s. It was a cardinal participant in specifying the matter-of-fact scientific footing of LCA. Dow continues to chair the Life Cycle Task Force, which oversees updates to PlasticsEurope eco-profiles and methodological analysis. It has set up an LCA group to supervise LCA undertakings. Major stairss for ISO-compliant LCA at Dow: aˆ? Business demand for LCA identified in combination with the LCA group aˆ? LCA Expert and Business Focal Point identified aˆ? Goal A ; Scope Defined aˆ? Life Cycle Inventory Collected aˆ? Life Cycle Impact Assessment Performed aˆ? Life Cycle Interpretation Conducted aˆ? Report written and Critically Reviewed aˆ? Third-Party ( External ) Report developed Figure 9 Different LCA undertakings conducted by Dow are: Natural Oil Polyols Constructing Insulation Merchandises Sugarcane-based Polyethylene These undertakings led to decrease in green house gas emanations, biodegradable plastics and usage of renewable beginnings of natural stuff. The findings were used to back up the ICCA survey. DuPont As portion of their 2015 Sustainability ends, DuPont is committed to cut downing the environmental impact of their merchandises and procedures along their value ironss. DuPont really performed two separate LCAs 1 for the industry and imagination of Flexographic A ; Gravure image bearers and one for Flexographic A ; Gravure printing. Both LCA surveies took into history all the inputs and end products associated with the chemical sciences, substrates, inks, transit, packaging and other stuffs needed during packaging production that comprise 2 % or more of the sum needed for the concluding merchandise. It besides considered and credited any environmental benefits for all recycled, reused or incinerated stuffs. It did non include laminating or other finishing stairss after the substrate is printed. The measurings and informations were collected from Tradeshops and Printers in the U.S. and Western Europe, the Cyrel fabrication site in Parlin, New Jersey ; and the DuPont Cyrel Customer Technology Centre in Wilmington, Delaware. Data was provided by clients utilizing a series of questionnaires. In add-on, several pieces of equipment were metered during existent production to find energy ingestion. Other informations, like solvent recycling was the consequence of patterning client informations. Figure 10 High degree consequences indicate that Flexographic publishing offers about 50 % nest eggs in non-renewable energy ingestion and nursery gases when compared to Gravure ; and that solvent-free DuPont Cyrel FAST home base processing offers about 30 % nest eggs in nursery gases and 24 % nest eggs in non-renewable energy ingestion when compared to solvent systems. Extra penetrations suggest that where possible home base gage should besides be considered. When lighter gage home bases are specified, impacts are reduced across the full supply concatenation and sustainability is enhanced. To carry on the LCA an nonsubjective and recognized industry confer withing group, Five Winds International LLC, was engaged to take the critical equal reappraisal and O.K. the findings. The Life Cycle Assessments have undergone a critical equal reappraisal and have been given blessing. Concluding edits and panel signatures were completed in September, 2008. The Critical equal reappraisal assured that ISO criterions 14040 and 14044 were followed and that procedures were consistent with those criterions ; that informations aggregation methods were scientifically and technically valid ; that information was appropriate and sensible for the end of the survey ; that readings reflected the restrictions and ends of the survey ; and that the study was crystalline and consistent. The equals came from industry associations ( the FTA in the US ) , academe ( Michigan State School of Packaging ) , the industry ( Colour Resolutions International ) and Sustainability consulting ( Five Winds International ) . Data was strictly and conscientiously gathered over a 12 month period and repeated as needed. Customers and non-customer contacts in the industry provided entree to their sites for informations aggregation or in some instances provided the informations straight. Data was collected in the US and Europe. Consumer Packaged Goods Companies ( CPGs ) and retail merchants have begun to necessitate that their providers provide merchandises that have been made utilizing environmentally sustainable procedures. Some, like Wal-Mart, are necessitating informations back uping sustainability claims, and some similar Unilever are get downing to stipulate the natural stuffs and production procedures for their merchandises. If retail merchants A ; CPG s specify Flexographic printing, lighter gage home bases and Cyrel FAST home base devising when possible, they can cut down upstream energy ingestion and nursery gases, better upstream working conditions, and thrust sustainable solutions and invention globally. Converters/printers can utilize this information to find when to stipulating lighter gage home bases and Cyrel FAST. By making this, they will assist drive efficiencies upstream that can take to higher throughput, reduced non-renewable energy ingestion and nursery gases, reduced waste, faster turnaround, and best-in-class artworks. When Converters combine these additions with other sustainability enterprises, they can present of import betterments to CPG s and Retailers who are going more interested in upstream impacts and are seeking to cut down their overall packaging footmark. Tradeshops need to present sustainability additions to their clients while supplying quality home bases. They can utilize this information to do picks about how to bring forth home bases. By following the most current systems, and promoting the pattern of cut downing home base gage, Tradeshops can extinguish stuffs and stairss, cut down energy and emanations and go through these additions on to their clients. The trade store s ternary bottom line is further enhanced by the increased throughput, faster turnaround, reduced waste and high public presentation. Problem Decision