Rhetorical Analysis Assignment Description Essay - 2

Rhetorical Analysis Assignment Description - Essay Example Some people have argued that the events of the September 11 terrorist attack on the US soil had an effect on immigration laws in the country. Thus, the fears expressed by the author in the unchanging number of illegal immigrants in the US are justifiable, if one considers the intention of some of these illegal immigrants. The terrorist attack have made the United States of America to tighten immigration laws as the laws are now stricter than they used to be before the September 11 terrorist attack. Immigrants suspected of having any connection with terrorists would be jailed for about seven days without being charged in the court of law. Prior to the 9/11 terrorist attack, the immigration laws were lenient and the barrier set around immigration has made it difficult to obtain visas to screening process is now more intense than what it used to be before the 9/11 attacks. The fact that the author did not try relate the issue of illegal immigration to the terrorist attack is actually a flaw in his writing as the author did not provide her readers with a good background knowledge on the subject matter. Security officials have realized that they have to do more to combat the problems of terrorism due to the 9/11 attack. The police departments have now improved their services and are now better prepared in the event of another terrorist attack. The police have now been empowered to monitor people’s conversation and survey people’s electronic mails. This was not the case before the terrorist attack as people were left alone to guard their private lives without the fear of being watched. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) was also established by the Bush Administration in 2002 to combat terrorism locally. The author’s reference to the Department of Homeland Security as she brings out data about the deportation of 400, 000 immigrants by Federal immigration authorities (Preston) shows the extent at which the author develops logos in the

The Triumph of Science Over Religion Essay Example for Free

The Triumph of Science Over Religion Essay In her book, Rapture Culture: Left Behind in Evangelical America, Frykholm (2004) explains her interest in evangelism – that, in fact, her family had converted to evangelical Christianity and she had explored the faith in depth during her teenage years.   However, the author was not able to find the answers to her religious questions.   This made her a skeptic, as religious people would refer to her as. As a matter of fact, Frykholm realizes the differences between her beliefs and those of evangelical Christians.    She mentions, for example, that she was living with her fiancà © before marriage, while Christianity manifestly prohibits fornication.   Moreover, the Left Behind series appeals to people who are homophobic among other things, also according to the author.   Thus, she refers to the rapture culture – of the believers in rapture – as a part of Christian fundamentalism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The book, Rapture Culture, is a qualitative study relating the views of readers of the Left Behind series.   Frykholm seems to have undertaken the project because of her deep interest in evangelical Christianity.   Yet, she has approached the study as a disbeliever in evangelical Christianity.   She criticizes many of the beliefs of Christianity, which practicing Christians might consider as mockery.   It seems, however, that Frykholm would like the readers of the Left Behind series to help her understand the reasons why they believe in the rapture while she does not. She finds that the series strengthens the faith of some of the readers, while others find the series interesting because it allows them to learn what they had never paid attention to.   Frykholm discovers that the readers of the series differ in terms of what they gain from books about rapture.   All the same, it is not only a discovery of their understanding that the author is concerned with.   She describes her own perspective of Christian beliefs at every turn.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Frykholm’s doubts about Christianity are not unique in our time.   There are countless people in the United States and the Western world as a whole who were born into Christian families but have given up the practice of religion.   Fornication is quite common among such people.   Furthermore, it is considered abnormal by them to oppose homosexuality, even though the Bible strictly speaks against it in the story of Sodom and Gomorrah. Practicing Christians are of the opinion that this is one of the signs of the end times.   Frykholm, on the other hand, is confident that the rapture culture is the culture of a people that differ from her fundamentally.   Hence, the title of the book sheds more light on the ‘us versus them’ mentality of Frykholm as well as the evangelical Christians.   Needless to say, religion is at odds with the cultural norms of the majority in the West today.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is, therefore, important to understand the history of the division in society as far as the practice of religion is concerned.   Frykholm does not have a problem referring to her book as a qualitative study, which suggests that scientific understanding is easier for her.   But, she is not the only person in the West who finds it easier to respect science as opposed to religion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   By the sixteenth century, the Western experience with religion had turned bitter.   The Catholic Reformation, also referred to as a Counter Reformation, was a response to the great Protestant Reformation in Europe during this period of time.   There were two elements of the Catholic Reformation.   First of all, Catholics were being called for a renewal of piety and of virtue in the form of renewed commitments to prayer as well as mysticism.   This component of the Reformation was particularly evident in the clerical orders.   The ordinary folks had nothing whatsoever to do with this component of the Reformation, seeing that even the clerical orders were not looked upon as worthy guides.   Secondly, the Church was being asked to reform in order to deal with unparalleled as well as swift changes in society, and abuses that accompanied those changes.[1]    There was turbulence witnessed in the societal structure, and one of the reasons why it was necessary to initiate the Catholic Reformation was that the humanists had revived classical pagan philosophy in the fifteenth century, using the new miracle of printing to shift the attention of society from the after life to the present.[2]   At the same time as the classical pagan philosophy was being circulated, the Church was going through a period of decline with a desiccation of scholastic thinking.   Internal abuses at the Church were also well-known, and these involved simony, the sale of indulges, multiple benefices, and much more.[3]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Church could not be trusted as much as it was meant to be.   As a matter of fact, the condition of religion in the sixteenth century was characterized by turmoil.   King Henry VIII of England created the Church of England in the year 1533 A.D. by splitting from the Roman Catholic Church.   Around the same time, the French Wars of Religion were waged between the Catholics and the Huguenots in France.[4]   How much confusion such chaos would have birthed in the minds of Western Christians with respect to their religion could only be imagined.   Christianity was, after all, supposed to be a religion of peace and unconditional love.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Western religion around 1500 A.D. was chiefly Christian, and the sixteenth century has been described as â€Å"probably the most intolerant period in Christian history.†[5]   It was not the scientists that were killed during this time because they came up with new ideas.   Rather, in the sixteenth century, there were thousands of people that were killed because they were called heretics by religionists.   Michael Servetus was only one such individual.   He was burned in 1553 A.D., alive, on the order of John Calvin in addition to the city authorities, because he had made theological speculations that Calvin believed to be falsehoods.[6]    To put it another way, the religious authorities of the time would not allow people even to deviate in their thinking with respect to religion.   Christians of the West were required to think of Christianity in the way that the religious authorities felt was appropriate.   Critical thinking or questioning was not allowed by any means.   What is more, the religious authorities were known to be corrupt enough for places of worship to be closed down.   Clarke writes:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In January, 1535, the newly appointed Vicar-General of the English Church, Thomas   Ã‚  Ã‚   Cromwell, sent out his agents to conduct a commission of enquiry into the character and value   Ã‚  Ã‚   of all ecclesiastical property in the kingdom.   Overtly, they were reformers, exercising the new   Ã‚  Ã‚   powers accorded to the Crown by the Act of Supremacy: from time to time to visit, repress,   Ã‚  Ã‚   redress, reform, order, correct, restrain and amend all such errors, heresies, abuses, offences,   Ã‚  Ã‚   contempts and enormities . . . which ought or may be lawfully reformed.   But Dr. Richard   Ã‚  Ã‚   Layton, Dr. Thomas Legh, Dr. John London, and the other tough-minded and venal officials   Ã‚  Ã‚   chosen for the job had no doubt what the Crown expected of them.   It took them only six   Ã‚  Ã‚   months to submit for Cromwells scrutiny an accurate and detailed tax-book, the Valor   Ã‚  Ã‚   Ecclesiasticus.   Along with it came evidence of corruption and scandalous immorality in   Ã‚  Ã‚   Englands monasteries.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Such evidence was not hard to find, for by the 16th century many of the religious houses   Ã‚  Ã‚   had long since lost their sense of purpose.[7] The religious turbulence of the sixteenth century was continued into the seventeenth century.   The government of England had become known for its harassment of Catholics as well as Jesuits.   On 20 May 1604, certain religious men began to plot the destruction of the government after having heard Mass.   One priest knew about the plot, and was made to pay the price of this knowledge later on.[8]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The religious authorities of the Near and Far East were not facing religious turmoil around that time, however.   Nor were the people of the advanced civilizations of the Near and Far East being confronted with religious confusion.   Furthermore, scientists of the Near East were especially involved with their work during the sixteenth century, as for a number of centuries before.   The Ottoman astronomer, Taqi al-Din, created astronomical tables in the sixteenth century.   These tables were considered as accurate as the ones made by Tycho Brahe in Denmark during the same period of time.   All the same, the Ottomans are known to have ceased their support for scientific innovations and research a century later, as their priorities took a shift.[9]   The West, on the contrary, continued scientific explorations even after the sixteenth century. The East had maintained its religions.   It was only the West that had showed immense intolerance toward different religious beliefs and practices, even with respect to its own faith.   Whereas religious authorities stopped Westerners from thinking and reasoning, science opened up a new world for the ordinary people.   They were not called heretics because of their new scientific ideas.   Rather, people who came up with new scientific ideas were in the company of many others who came up with great new ideas in the scientific arena.   Giordano Bruno, Girolamo Cardano, Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, William Gilbert, Johannes Kepler, Paracelsus, John Napier, and Andreas Vesalius are only few of the important Western scientists of the sixteenth century. Besides, the same century saw the birthing of Copernicus’ theory, the import of new plant species from the Americas into Europe, and new inventions that revolutionized manufacturing and other features of living.   The wheel-lock musket, the helicopter, the spinning wheel, the pocket watch, the diving bell, the seed drill, the camera obscura, the knitting machine, the compound microscope, the Gregorian Calendar, and the enameling of pottery were all brought into the world in the sixteenth century.[10]   So, while religion disappointed people, science brought renewed hope of existence through new products and discoveries.   No scientist could be killed in the name of science.   Hence, science was safely meant to stay on in the West despite the good or bad luck of religion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Frykholm seems to have chosen the safe side, although believers in rapture may not believe in her safety in the afterlife.   According to the latter, this division would remain real until final judgment time.   The author of Rapture Culture, on the other hand, does not claim to understand the truth of religion as opposed to the truth of science. Bibliography Clark, L. The Dissolution of the Monasteries in the 16th Century. Retrieved Nov 16, 2007, from http://www.historynet.com/. Frykholm, A. J. (2004). Rapture Culture: Left Behind in Evangelical America. New York:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Oxford University Press. Hogge, A. (2005). God’s Secret Agents: Queen Elizabeth’s Forbidden Priests and the Hatching of the Gunpowder Plot. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. How the Idea of Religious Tolerance Came to the West. MacroHistory. Retrieved Nov 16, 2007, from http://www.fsmitha.com/review/index.html. Lewis, J. J. (1998). Women Saints: Doctors of the Church. London: Penguin. Timeline 16th Century. Magic Dragon Multimedia. Retrieved Nov 16, 2007, from http://www.magicdragon.com/UltimateSF/timeline16.html. Olin, J. (1990). Catholic Reformation: From Cardinal Ximenes to the Council of Trent, 1495- New York: Fordham University Press. Pollen, J. H. (2004). The Counter Reformation. The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: K.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Knight. [1] J. H. Pollen, â€Å"The Counter Reformation,†The Catholic Encyclopedia (New York: K. Knight, 2004). [2] Jone Johnson Lewis, Women Saints: Doctors of the Church (London: Penguin, 1998). [3] John Olin, Catholic Reformation: From Cardinal Ximenes to the Council of Trent, 1495-1563 (New York: Fordham University Press, 1990). [4] â€Å"Timeline 16th Century,† Magic Dragon Multimedia, available from http://www.magicdragon.com/UltimateSF/timeline16.html; Internet; accessed 16 November 2007. [5] â€Å"How the Idea of Religious Tolerance Came to the West,† MacroHistory, available from http://www.fsmitha.com/review/index.html; Internet; accessed 16 November 2007. [6] Ibid. [7] Lindsay Clarke, â€Å"The Dissolution of the Monasteries in the 16th Century,† available from http://www.historynet.com/; Internet; accessed 16 November 2007. [8] Alice Hogge, God’s Secret Agents: Queen Elizabeth’s Forbidden Priests and the Hatching of the Gunpowder Plot (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2005). [9] â€Å"Cutting-Edge Science in the Middle East;† available from http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/globalconnections/mideast/themes/science/index.html; Internet; accessed 16 November 2007. [10] â€Å"Timeline.†

The ancient Greek olympics

The ancient Greek olympics Many people know a lot about the Olympic Games. Ancient games were a lot smaller than the Olympic Games today with only 300 contestants from 11 different countries. All of America has heard the devastating news that occurred this year at the 2010 Olympics. Nodar Kumaritashvili died after crashing into a metal pole during a luge race. He was only 21 years old competing at the Vancouver Olympics and it took his life. Many people do not realize how violent and dangerous certain Olympic events are. To fully understand the importance of the Olympics you need to know about the Ancient Olympic Games (Papantoniou). According to Findling, Heracles, Zeuss son, founded the ancient Olympics. Yet the first Olympic Games were held in 776 BCE. At this Olympic Games, a runner named Coroebus, won the running event. Coroebus became the very first Olympic champion. The ancient Olympic Games became bigger and more popular so they continued to be played every four years for nearly 1,200 years (Findling). At the beginning, the Olympic Games were played as part of a religious practice. People put their passion for religion into sport and competition. This hereby became a religious ritual for the Greeks (Papantoniou). The Olympic Games were the most famous of all other games by far and they were held in Olympia. According to Papantoniou, the idea of rebirth soon came along and when it did many cults were formed. The idea of rebirth came from the idea of creation. We are created from the coming together of a male and female, which was obvious. During this process of birth, the Earth has been said to give us life. The Earth, with the help of Mother Nature, contains everything that people need to live. The divine force of Mother Nature created the idea of rebirth. Soon the religious cults were formed and competition became an important ritual (Papantoniou). The purpose of the Olympic events was to demonstrate bodily strength and vigor (Papantoniou). According to Findling, once the first full moon came out the games were able to begin. At the beginning, the games only lasted a day but soon the games became so popular new sports were added. Soon, the games lasted a full five days. The first day of the festival was meant for sacrifices for the Gods. Some athletes liked to pray alone and make sacrifices themselves. Most Greek athletics were for one person to compete with another as opposed to playing on teams. The athletes took part in running, wrestling, disc-throwing, boxing, javelin-hurling and many other sports. The second day of the games was the day of the foot-race. There was not merely one type of race that the athletes took part in. There were four different kinds. The first and oldest was stadion, where runners sprinted for 1 stade, which was the length of the stadium. The other races were a 2-stade and long-distance races. The fourth type of race involved runners wearing full armor. This race was good for preparing men for the military. It increased strength and stability for the men competing to get them ready for war. The other events besides the races were held after the second day of the Games. Pancratium, which was a mix of wrestling and boxing, got kind of intense. To succeed in wrestling the player was to heave the other wrestler on the ground three times. It was not that simple, however. The opponent couldnt just land any such way. They were to land on their hip, back or shoulder. To avoid any serious injury, ancient Greece had specific rules that were to be followed. Biting your opponent and grabbing their genitals was frowned upon during wrestling or the pancratium. When the games had first begun, boxing was not very violent. Although boxing was not too intense, protection was very important. The Greeks were always looking for ways to avoid injury in games like this. In this case, the boxers put leather on their fingers, much like a modern day boxing glove. These leather straps helped with the pain of being hit. However, as time went on, the players came up with more and more violent strategies to make their way to the top. After this more protection was necessary and new finger straps were created. The intensity of boxing was nothing compared to that of the pancratium. It was so brutal that it was not declared over until one of the players accepted defeat. The people who had enough money to own horses were able to train their horses to compete in races. There were races where the horse wore a saddle to make riding easier but in other races the horse had to be bareback. Bareback riding is riding without a saddle which was very difficult because the riders had nothing to hold onto. Much like when a man wins a competition he receives an olive branch, so does the winning horse. The person who trained and rode the horse to victory receives no credit. In the Olympics there were also Chariot races. These races included small chariots led by 2 horses and larger ones led by 4 horses. The pentathlon came after the day of the horse races. The pentathlon included five sports for the athletes to take part in. The events were all very different from one another. Sprinting and wrestling were two of the five events. It was tough since all of the events were so different. If an athlete succeeded at one event he might fail at another. Many of the athletes had to throw javelins and discuses as part of their competition. The final event in the pentathlon was the long jump. Not only was strength important but also stamina and precision (Findling). In order to succeed at jumping the farthest many men would use weights to make them jump further. Many people from out of the area would come to Olympia for their religious festivals. These popular festivals brought many more athletes to the area looking to play in the Games. Gymnasiums were built in Greece for people to practice and play less serious games. The gymnasiums were not only a place to practice but also a place to get protection from the sun. Each gymnasium contained a bath for men to not only clean but also to oil themselves. Athletes often covered themselves in oil before competing in the hot sun for protection (Findling). These competitive games were taken very seriously and they symbolized many things. According to Papantoniou, if you won a game, instead of getting a medal or a trophy, you were crowned with a wild olive branch. The olive branch symbolizes God so if you are crowned, the olive branch promises godliness and that you will live forever. According to Findling, after winning a competition, the winners would return home only to be escorted to their own town. According to Papantoniou, if you won a competition you would therefore have a divine presence and just the thought of you would bring up the word fertility. After these competitions were made-up, fertility of nature became associated with these human activities. A triumph in any one of these games was seen as a direct effect of divine will. The winners were looked upon as heroes or even gods to everyone. These physical activities both influenced the ritual process and were influenced by it in turn (Papantoniou). According to Fling, rewar ds were given to the winners of certain events such as wrestling and boxing from the pain that one must endure. According to Findling, Greek literature and art all included athletics in some way shape or form. Physical ability was extremely important to the Greeks. Not only physical strength was important but also strength of the mind. According to Papantoniou, some people believed that the Olympic Games were a creative way to select their king. When the King competed in the games, if he was not the winner, everyone would know that he was not a worthy leader. He cannot continue to be King if his power and vigor begin to decline. For this reason the Olympics was to be held so that the Kings strength could be put to the test. In the mythical era, everyone believed that if the King won it was because he was chosen by God. If the King lost, God has chosen someone else to take over. Cronus, Zeus, Apollo, Hermes and Ares were the first to participate in the games, followed by Idaean Heracles, Pelops, Oenomaeus, Heracles, the Dioscouri and a whole host of kings and rulers (Papantoniou). According to Papantoniou, the Olympic Games were mostly for men to watch. Unmarried women were allowed to attend to find a husband. However, married women were not allowed to watch on pain of death (Papantoniou). According to Fling, although unmarried women were allowed to attend the Olympic Games, there were only certain days on which they were able to. If any woman was to be caught at the Olympic Games on a day that they were not supposed to be, they were to be pushed down Mount Typaeum. Mount Typaeum was a tall mountain that expanded from Scillus to Olympia and it would be torture for anyone who fell down it. The only woman who has ever been caught at the Games when she wasnt supposed to be was Callipateria. Her son was to compete in the Olympics so she disguised herself as a trainer. Her son, Peisirodus was victorious. Soon Callipaterias identity had become known. She was scared for her life. Her father, brother and son all competed in the Olympic Games and all were victorious. B ecause of this, there was an exception to the rule and she was left unpunished. Because of her mistakes there has been a new law put in place for trainers to show themselves before coming into the area with the players (Fling). According to Durrant, The real question here is not who can attend the Olympics but who can compete. Of course not all people who want to participate can participate. Like many things in life there were restrictions for the Olympic Games. Only free-born Greek citizens were allowed to participate in the Olympic Games (Durrant). Boys competed with boys. Men competed with men of the same age. Only at Sparta, did girls take part in the contest. To be eligible for participation in the Olympic Games, a competitor must observe the traditional Olympic spirit and ethic and have always participated in sport as an avocado without having received any remuneration for his participation (Durrant). According to Durrant, Amateurs are frowned upon during the Olympics. An amateur is anyone who decides to participate in the games merely for their own benefits. These benefits may include social benefits, physical or mental benefits. Its better to see a man take on a task just to test himself. There is n ot a problem as long as the competition is constrained to a distinct population. There will be a problem when a competitor moves to a different population that has more rigid rules and standards. Professionalism began in the sixth century B.C. when Solon decided that anyone who won in the Olympic Games would be given 500 drachmae. Soon after the invention of professionalism, athletic games became a full time job for some. Plato said that the athlete who ends by becoming a hater of philosophy, uncivilized, never using weapons of persuasion,à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬he is like a wild beast, all violence and fierceness, and knows no other way of dealing; and he lives in all ignorance and evil conditions, and has no sense of propriety and grace (Durrant). You may be wondering what the proper attire for the Olympic Games were in ancient times. According to Fling, The Lacedaemonians were the first players who decided that being naked during the games were easier. They also are the ones who discovered the protection that oil gave their bodies. Before nudity, the competitors wore nothing but loin cloths (Fling). According to Fling, the ancient Olympic Games ended 393 AC. The modern Olympics began at the end of the XIX century. Baron Pierre de Coubertin brough back the Olympics with his impressive proposal. Everyone was so excited about the return of the Olympics that the first Modern Olympic Games were to take place in Athens in 1896. Before Baron, other people had tried to bring the Olympics back but no one was successful. So as we can see much about the Olympics has changed. Although the Olympics were invented in ancient times, they still live on today. Works Cited Durrant, Sue M. And Who May Compete?. Quest (00336297) 22.(1974): 104-110. SPORTDiscus with Full Text. EBSCO. Web. 4 Feb. 2010. Findling, J. E., Pelle, K. D. (1996). Historical Dictionary of the Modern Olympic Movement. Westport: Greenwood Press. Fling, Fred Morrow. A Source Book of Greek History. 1907. 04 February 2010 . Papantoniou, G. Religiosity as a main element in the ancient Olympic Games. Sport in Society 11.1 (2008): 32-43. SPORTDiscus with Full Text. EBSCO. Web. 2 Feb. 2010.

Achilles Changes Essay -- essays research papers

The Iliad, a book by Homer about the Trojan War, focuses a lot on Achilles and his internal struggle with his personal desires. In the time of the Trojan War, there was an unspoken code of morals and how warriors of honor should follow. If they did not fight or acted cowardly it not only brought them shame but their family name was looked down on. Warriors that were defeated weren’t always killed because they were sometimes taken prisoner to be used for ransom money or gifts. However, in the Iliad, Homer shows that sympathy rarely is evident in war.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Achilles’ stubborn and cowardly sides are shown when Ajax, Phoenix, and Odysseus travel to visit him and beg him to return to the fight. Instead of acting like an honorable warrior, he refuses after listening them plead for his help in the fight. He said that he would not return until his own Greek warriors’ ships were on fire from Trojan flames.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Achilles’ rage and childishness is revealed when he learns of his friend, and father figure’s death, and becomes not only enraged but cries like a child. Children, when they get angry because of something that someone did to them, their first thoughts of what they can do to get back at them, to make things â€Å"even.† This is what Achilles does. When Hector killed Patroclus he also took the armor that Patroclus was wearing which belonged to Achilles. This is the point at which Achilles’ values show because this when he decides to r...

Police Corruption Essay

There is much seriousness about the issue of white-collar crime. What is white-collar crime you may ask. White-collar is defined as, ‘a generic term for crimes involving commercial fraud, cheating consumers, swindles, insider trading on the stock market, embezzlement and other forms of dishonest business schemes. The term comes from the out of date assumption that business executives wear white shirts and ties. It also theoretically distinguishes these crimes and criminals from physical crimes, supposedly likely to be committed by â€Å"blue collar† workers. † Many people do not realize how serious white-collar crime is. There are many different forms of white-collar crime, our textbook states, â€Å"white-collar or economic crime includes (1) securities and commodities fraud; (2) insurance fraud; (3) health care and medical fraud; (4) telemarketing fraud; (5) credit card and check fraud; (6) consumer fraud, illegal competition and deceptive practices; (7) bank fraud, embezzlement and pilferage; (8) computer-related fraud; (9) bankruptcy fraud; (10) bribes, kickbacks and payoffs; (11)money laundering; (12) election law violations; (13) corruption of public officials; (14) copyright violations; (15) computer crimes; (16) environmental crimes; and (17) receiving stolen property This assignment requires us to write a paper on a form of white-collar crime that we feel is the must dangerous form and why. I feel the most dangerous form of white-collar crime is police corruption, which is also defined as public corruption. Public or police corruption is defined as; Public corruption involves a breach of pu blic trust and/or abuse of position by federal, state, or local officials and their private sector accomplices. By broad definition, a government official, whether elected, appointed or hired, may violate federal law when he/she asks, demands, solicits, accepts, or agrees to receive anything of value in return for being influenced in the performance of their official duties. As, I previously stated, white-collar crime is a very serious problem in America and there are many reasons why and many cases, statistics and evidence to support my reasonings. My reasonings for choosing police corruption as the most dangerous form of white-collar crime differ and are probably pretty biases. Police corruption is a very dangerous crime, because police are supposed to protect and serve. So, if you have a department that is corrupt they are not doing what they were hired to do. When you swear in as an officer you state that, As a Law Enforcement Officer, my fundamental duty is to serve mankind; to safeguard lives and property; to protect the innocent against deception, the weak against oppression or intimidation, and the peaceful against violence or disorder; and to respect the Constitutional rights of all persons to liberty, equality and justice. I will keep my private life unsullied as an example to all; maintain courageous calm in the face of danger, scorn or ridicule; develop self-restraint; and be constantly mindful of the welfare of others. Honest in thought and deed in both my personal and official life, I will be exemplary in obeying the laws of the land and the regulations of my department. Whatever I see or hear of a confidential nature or that is confided to me in my official capacity will be kept ever secret unless revelation is necessary in the performance of my duty. I will never act officiously or permit personal feelings, prejudices, animosities or friendships to influence my decisions. With no compromise for crime and with relentless prosecution of criminal, I will enforce the law courteously and appropriately without fear or favor, malice or ill will, never employing unnecessary force or violence and never accepting gratuities. I recognize the badge of my office as a symbol of public faith, and I accept it as a public trust to be held so long as I am true to the ethics of the police service. I will constantly strive to achieve these objectives and ideals, dedicating myself before God to my chosen profession†¦ law enforcement. This oath states that you will not use your badge as a way of getting what you want. â€Å"It isn’t hard to explain the growth of corruption. Relative to other opportunities, legitimate or illegitimate, the financial temptations are enormous. Many police officers are demoralized by the scope of drug trafficking. No matter how diligent an officer may be eradication programs and millions of arrests have done little to stop drugs which are now cheaper, purer, and more available than ever. Given the dangers of their job, the indifference of many citizens and the frequent lack of appreciation are no doubt disheartening. Some police also recognize that their real function is not so much to protect victims from predators but to regulate an illicit market that can’t be suppressed and that much of society prefers to keep underground. † Many individuals do not realize how serious and how often this happens in law enforcement departments and how many officers get away with corruption and how much it dishonors their departments. This is why I believe police corruption is the most dangerous form of white-collar crime. As I previously stated, I believe it is important for a community to feel safe and confident in their enforcement officers. So, the corruption of officers will and could cause very serious problems in a community. If the police, the authority of the community are involved in crime then why would the community is going to be involved also.

Conservation of the environment Essay

Protection of the environment is very important as the world moves into a new era. This new era also seems to be presenting us with many major environmental issues. Some of these problems are: pollution, rapid industrialization, over population, deforestation and loss of important animal and plant species. The best way to protect the environment is to conserve and protect it by being more conscious of our impact on the planet. Conservation is the philosophy and policy of managing the environment to assure adequate supplies of natural resources for future as well as present generations. One way to be more environmentally responsible would be to cut down on undesirable C02 emissions and to put good things back into the atmosphere. One of the best ways to do this is by planting trees. Trees play a critical role in keeping our air clean, both by releasing oxygen into the air and by trapping carbon. The more trees we have, the better our air quality, and that’s why planting trees is an excellent step to take toward saving the environment. While you’re at it, plant a tree in a spot that will give your house shade, as that will help reduce your need to crank up your air conditioning in the summer months and be esthetically leasing. It’s also important to take a stand against deforestation. Losing large swaths of forest, such as the rainforest, to development or industry means that we’re losing millions of trees that would otherwise be purifying the air for us. Protesting deforestation, both through activism and by refusing to buy products that are created at the expense of the world’s forests, can help slow and even halt deforestation. Renewable energy is another great way to heal the environment. It significantly cuts down on greenhouse gases, air pollution and the amount of carbon emitted into the air. In the USA around 71% of electricity is produced by burning fossil fuels. Burning coal or other fuels emits greenhouse gases and pollution in the environment. An average home powered by a coal utility will burn twelve thousand pounds of coal a year and will cause about the same amount of pollution as two cars. By using renewable energy as the primary power source, the reduction of pollution per household would be equivalent to that of planting four hundred trees. We can each play a part in improving the amount of trash we throw away by reducing our waste. Buy fewer items and reduce the overall consumption of goods. If less is onsumed, then less energy is used and less waste is produced. Regardless of how consumption is limited, people are bound to produce some waste. We can buy in bulk to reduce the amount of packaging thrown away, but to make a difference, we also have to focus on recycling and repurposing the items that are consumed. Simple changes can be made, like shopping with reusable bags and keeping food and other items in reusable containers, rather than defaulting to plastic bags and disposable containers. Recycling refers to buying recycled products and sorting waste into the appropriate categories: aluminum cans, glass, plastic, paper and cardboard. However, the definition of recycling can be expanded to encompass donating items you no longer need or want to Goodwill or the Salvation Army so others can reuse them. Many cities have â€Å"freecycle† e-mail lists that fill a similar role. If you can’t reduce your consumption or tind a way to reuse a product, recycling is a better choice than simply throwing something into the trash. Gandhi wisely said, â€Å"You must be the change you wish to see in the world. † That’s certainly true when it comes to saving the environment, and each of us has an individual responsibility to make the changes and decisions that will benefit the natural world around us. Even our most concerted efforts will have a minimal impact if we’re the only ones making them, or even if we’re part of a small group making such environmental choices. The power in the steps on this list comes from getting everyone to take them together. After doing all the other things mentioned here cutting energy consumption, conserving water, driving less and everything else the most important thing is to be bold and vocal about encouraging others to do the same. The environment won’t be saved by a handful of activists or even by a collection of powerful world leaders. It will be saved by the collective action of mankind.

Catseyes are road studs Essays

Catseyes are road studs Essays Catseyes are road studs Essay Catseyes are road studs Essay Catseyes are route he-mans that contain retroreflectors : optical devices that reflect light beams back along a way analogue to that of the incident ray. ( BBC h2g2 2004 ) Percy Shaw foremost invented cats-eye reflectors in 1934, after he had been driving on a twist route at dark and had been saved from driving off the border by cat s eyes reflecting his headlamps back to him. Percy Shaw so set about contriving a device to mime the consequence that this cat s eyes had had on his headlamps. Originally it was two marbles in a metal shell that he intended to be put at regular intervals along the center and border of severely illuminated roads. The thought was so successful that it is now hard to come across a major route in the United Kingdom that does non hold cats-eyes on it. Percy Shaw s original design has evolved slightly since its construct in 1934, for illustration plastic is used alternatively of metal for the shell, which though cheaper to fabricate is besides much less lastin g and more likely to interrupt. One of the most recent updates is the inclusion of blue LED visible radiations, which are really low power but bright, alternatively of being brooding surfaces. These are still in the test phases and have non been proven to work every bit efficaciously as the older designs yet. Cat s eyes were a radical merchandise that made a immense impact on the safety of both British, and worldwide, roads. But the procedure of conveying them to market successfully took Percy Shaw over 10 old ages. The initial development of catseyes was a long and drawn out procedure because catseyes was an wholly new construct and so had no relation to any earlier merchandises. It was a trade name new invention ; Shaw was taking a way the no 1 had antecedently attempted. The initial innovation was a dramatis personae Fe shoe with a gum elastic lodging for the reflectors. In my sentiment The mastermind of this design is the manner that Shaw made them self-cleaning. The catseyes were designed to keep rainwater and the gum elastic lodging was retractable. There was a lip merely below the top of the molding so that when a auto drove over it the lodging would abjure into the molding traveling past the lip, which in-turn would supercharge the rainwater, and spray upwards onto the reflectors cleaning them. This invention meant that the catseyes were efficaciously self-sufficing. I feel that this is one ground why when the British authorities adopted them they were so successful and why Shaw was able to take them worldwide. They provide a low cost, low care manner to better safety on roads, which in some development states where there may be many severely illuminated roads, is a benefit as the costs of implementing them are far less than those of street lamps. When they were foremost innovated Shaw was the lone maker of catseyes, necessarily this would non remain the instance for long as people became cognizant of his innovation and attempted to make similar versions. This was proven when, In 1937, the UK s Ministry of Transport ran a competition to place the best route reflector. After two old ages, there was merely one smuggler left in the race ( Shaw s innovation ) ; the others had either broken or were no longer reflecting. ( BBC h2g2 2004 ) This shows the mastermind of Shaw s design as no 1 could fit it. I feel that this was a immense measure, for Shaw, towards establishing catseyes decently. By this clip they had been proven to the authorities nevertheless they still showed important opposition to following the catseyes as they were merely mandated them 10 old ages subsequently. Percy Shaw set up the company Reflecting Road he-man LTD in 1935 before the authorities authorization had been approved. After a mass blackout during the Second World War, ten old ages subsequently, merely so did the authorities authorization Shaw s innovation ( Anon. , 2009 ) . I believe that this was the instance because although Shaw s construct was a good thought, s it was a construct that needed authorities backup in order to work and this was ever traveling to be hard to acquire because it was such a extremist new innovation. Even though Shaw s catseyes had been tried and tested in 1937 ( BBC h2g2, 2004 ) there was non important adequate demand for them to do it economically feasible. In a manner the Second World War was fortunate for Percy Shaw as it highlighted to the British Government that without any visible radiations on the route drive became highly risky to all. There is ever the statement that with headlamps catseyes should be wholly unneeded on roads. The ground being that the white lines in the Centre of roads provide some contemplation from headlamps and if drivers are driving with due attention and attending it should nt be necessary. In my sentiment this is non a strong statement as if another blackout occurred catseyes would be the lone manner for drivers to drive safely. It seems to me from researching catseyes that Percy Shaw did nt hold a launch scheme for his innovation. He merely expected to do it and so seek and sell it to the Government, who already had a scheme for safe night-time drive, street visible radiations. I believe that if the blackout in the Second World War had non happened catseyes would non hold been adopted in 1947 ( anon. , 2009 ) and they may even non be in usage today as it was possible Shaw could hold lost the thrust to maintain seeking after over 10 old ages. This I believe shows how luck is frequently a big factor in entrepreneurship, but besides that nevertheless good the innovation is without the right launch platform it may neer take off. You need to be in the right topographic point at the right clip, fortuitously for Shaw he had 10 old ages of fabrication and innovating of his original design so he was able to stave off any possible competition. The chief job nevertheless for Shaw was that his merchandise was a distinc t alteration, a wholly new innovation, alternatively of being a gradual alteration, which is adding to already exists. ( Joseph Schumpeter, day of the month Unknown ) Efficaciously this amounted to it being a really riotous invention. It was a clear interruption from the bing engineering that was in topographic point, and as there was no old informations on effectual usage or safety or even dependability of catseyes. It seemed a immense hazard for the Government to follow. Freeman ( 1984 ) states that stakeholders are anyone who affects or are affected by a house making its ends. Percy Shaw s house making its ends affected the full population of the state. By eventually holding his merchandise adopted on a nationwide graduated table in 1947 it made the populatin was affected by driving going safer, catseyes were used on severely illuminated roads, a good as in concurrence with roads that had street lamps. It is non merely the general populace that has benefited from the acceptance of catseyes which has meant tonss of re-surfacing of roads, as the reflectors have to be built in, which has in bend provided concern for the primary and secondary industries that are associated with route edifice and care. Environmentally there has besides been an impact as I feel that catseyes cut down the immediate physiological reaction to set power devouring street lamps to light roads, particularly when they may non be major main roads. Catseyes give the authorities an alternate environmentally friendly option. Percy Shaw overcame many obstructions when developing catseyes and I believe that the design of them was one of the biggest obstructions he had to get the better of. He had to develop something that would be little plenty so as to non interrupt autos on the route but besides strong plenty to be driven over and battered on a day-to-day, if non hourly footing. The success of Shaw s innovation is particularly seen in the fact that Shaw was bring forthing one million catseyes a twelvemonth the extremum of the Shaw s concern ( James Ashton, 2009 ) . In recent times the catseyes have started to be developed more and more by different companies. Shaw s original design as I have antecedently stated went through some considerable alterations, for illustration utilizing fictile alternatively of metal for the shell and plastic alternatively of gum elastic for the lodging of the reflectors. What is more there are now other houses bring forthing more and more attractive devices for the authoritie s, as a replacing for catseyes such as Clearview s Solar Lite route he-man, which Instead of reflecting visible radiation, the he-mans are charged by the Sun s beams during the twenty-four hours and release visible radiation during the night. ( James Ashton, 2009 ) Percy Shaw created an wholly new industry from his one innovation that is still turning today as we try to happen replacings for street lamps and other power devouring route safety equipment in an effort to command our C emanations. Whilst, nevertheless, Shaw s innovation was superb, he was merely able to sell it in important Numberss when there became a despairing demand for it. I feel that if he had had fiscal angels and had set up a larger substructure for his innovation earlier so this advanced innovation may hold evolved even further by now. This is a really of import lesson for other enterprisers to larn, it highlights the fact that even though they may hold a good thought, they need to hold sufficient resources and substructure in order to hold a opportunity of being successful. These yearss there are so many enterprisers out at that place that you can non wait for fortune to establish your invention. Refrences BBC h2g2 2004. Catseyes [ Online ] ( Created 14 December 2004 ) Available at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A3320939 Accessed 20 November 2009 ( Anon 2009 ) BBC News 2009 Five British heroes overlooked by history [ Online } Updated 17 November 2009 Available at hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8364465.stm ( Accessed 24 November 2009 ) James Ashton 2009 Turn off the street visible radiations, these solar-powered cat s eyes radiance, Times Online [ Internet ] 9 August 2009 Available at hypertext transfer protocol: //business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/article6788584.ece Freeman, R. ( 1984 ) Strategic Management: A Stake-holder Approach. Boston: Pitman.

What Black Hollywood Says About the Oscars

What Black Hollywood Says About the Oscars The Academy Awards is one of the biggest nights of the year in Hollywood, but something is often lacking: diversity. The nominees are often dominated by white actors and directors and this did not go unnoticed in minority communities. In 2016, many African Americans chose to boycott the ceremony and, because of that, the Academy has made vowed to make changes. What spurred this movement and what did black actors have to say about it? More importantly, have there been any modifications to the voting process since then? The Oscars Boycott Actress Jada Pinkett Smith called for a boycott of the 2016 Oscars on January 16 because each of the 20 nominations in the acting categories went to white actors. It marked the second year in a row that no people of color received Oscar acting nods, and the hashtag #OscarsSoWhite trended on Twitter. Supporters of actors like Idris Elba and Michael B. Jordan felt particularly slighted that these men weren’t honored for their performances in â€Å"Beasts of No Nation† and â€Å"Creed,† respectively. Film fans also argued that directors of both films- men of color- deserved nods. The former film’s director, Cary Fukunaga, is half-Japanese, while the latter film’s director, Ryan Coogler, is African American. As she called for an Oscars boycott, Pinkett Smith said, â€Å"At the Oscars†¦people of color are always welcomed to give out awards†¦even entertain.  But we are rarely recognized for our artistic accomplishments. Should people of color refrain from participating altogether?† She wasn’t the only African American actor to feel this way. Other entertainers, including her husband, Will Smith, joined her in the boycott. Some also pointed out that the film industry generally needs a diversity overhaul. Here’s what black Hollywood had to say about the Oscars’ race problem. The Oscars Aren’t the Problem Viola Davis has never been one to hold back when discussing social issues such as race, class,  and gender. She spoke about the lack of opportunities for actors of color when she made history in 2015 by becoming the first African American to win an Emmy for best actress in a drama. Asked about the lack of diversity among the 2016 Oscar nominees, Davis said the issue went beyond the Academy Awards. â€Å"The problem is not with the Oscars, the problem is with the Hollywood movie-making system,† Davis said. â€Å"How many black films are being produced every year? How are they being distributed? The films that are being made- are the big-time producers thinking outside of the box in terms of how to cast the role? Can you cast a black woman in that role? Can you cast a black man in that role? †¦You can change the Academy, but if there are no black films being produced, what is there to vote for?† Boycott Films That Don’t Represent You Much like Davis, Whoopi Goldberg blamed the all-white 2016 Oscar nominees in acting on the film industry rather than the Academy. â€Å"The issue is not the Academy,† remarked Goldberg on ABC’s â€Å"The View,† which she co-hosts. â€Å"Even if you fill the Academy with black and Latino and Asian members, if there’s no one on the screen to vote for, you’re not going to get the outcome that you want.† Goldberg, who won an Oscar in 1991, said that for actors of color to land more prominent roles in films, directors and producers must be diversity-minded. They must recognize that films with no cast members of color miss the mark. â€Å"You wanna boycott something?† she asked viewers. â€Å"Don’t go see the movies that don’t have your representation. That’s the boycott you want.† Not About Me Will Smith acknowledged that the fact he didn’t earn a nomination for his role in â€Å"Concussion† might have contributed to his wife’s decision to boycott the Oscars. But the twice-nominated actor insisted that this was far from the only reason Pinkett Smith chose to boycott. â€Å"Had I been nominated and no other people of color were, she would have made the video anyway,† Smith told ABC News. â€Å"We’d still be here having this conversation. This is so deeply not about me. This is about children that are going to sit down and they’re going to watch this show and they’re not going to see themselves represented.† Smith said that it feels like the Oscars are heading in â€Å"the wrong direction,† as the Academy is overwhelmingly white and male and, thus, doesn’t reflect the country. â€Å"We make movies, it’s not that serious, except that it plants seeds for dreams,† Smith said. â€Å"There’s a disharmony that is brewing in our country and in our industry that I want no part to that. †¦Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Ã¢â‚¬â€¹ Listen, we need a seat in the room; we don’t have a seat in the room, and that’s what is most important.† Its also interesting to note that Smith has received two Oscar nominations in his career. One was for Ali (2001) and the other for The Pursuit of Happyness (2006). Will Smith has never won an Oscar. Academy Not the Real Battle Filmmaker and actor Spike Lee announced on Instagram that he would sit out the Oscars, despite winning an honorary Oscar in 2015. â€Å"How is it possible for the second consecutive year all 20 contenders under the actor category are white? And let’s not even get into the other branches. Forty white actors and no flava [sic] at all. We can’t act?! WTF!!† Lee then cited the words of the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr.: â€Å"There comes a time when one must take a position that is neither safe, nor politic, nor popular, but he must take it because conscience tells him it’s right.† But like Davis and Goldberg, Lee said that the Oscars weren’t the source of the real battle. That battle is â€Å"in the executive office of the Hollywood studios and TV and cable networks,† he said. â€Å"This is where the gatekeepers decide what gets made and what gets jettisoned to ‘turnaround’ or scrap heap. People, the truth is we ain’t in those rooms and until minorities are, the Oscar nominees will remain lily white.† A Simple Comparison Chris Rock, the host of the 2016 Oscars, gave a succinct but telling response about the diversity controversy. After the nominations were released, Rock took to Twitter to say, â€Å"The #Oscars. The White BET Awards.† The After Effects Following the backlash in 2016, the Academy did make changes and the 2017 Oscar nominees did include people of color. They have taken steps to add diversity to their Board of Governors and vowed to include more women and minorities among its voting members 2020. Moonlight, with its African American cast took home  the honor of best picture in 2017 and actor Mahershala Ali won best supporting actor. He was also the first Muslim actor to ever win an Oscar. Viola Davis took best supporting actress for her role in Fences and Troy Maxson was nominated in the lead role for the same movie. For the 2018 Oscars, the biggest news was that Jordan Peele received a best director nomination for Get Out. He is only the fifth African-American in Academy history to receive this honor. Overall, it seems that the Academy heard the passionate voices and has made steps toward progress. Whether or not we will see another #OscarsSoWhite trend, only time will tell. There is also a conversation about expanding the diversity beyond African Americans and hopes that more Latinos, Muslims, and actors of other minorities can be well-represented as well. As the stars have noted, Hollywood needs to change as well. The 2018 release of Black Panther and its predominantly African American cast, was quite the buzz. Many people have said that its more than a movie, its a movement.

Affairs through the Ages

An analysis of the relationship between St. John and Rosamond in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre. A paper which provides a look at the doomed relationship between the characters Rosamond and St. John in Charlotte Brontes novel, Jane Eyre. The paper presents the idea that disgust motivated St. Johns obsession with Rosamond instead of love. Love today is depicted in the media in many different ways, from blissful unions at the ends of movies to tawdry and scandalous affairs in daytime soap operas. Is this type of entertainment just sensationalism by the media, or have there been relationships throughout history that have experienced passion and pain? Charlotte Bronte proves untrue love has been evident for years in her portrayal of Rosamond Oliver and St. John Rivers in her novel Jane Eyre. Plainly, the ethereal Rosamond Oliver stirs deep emotions within St. John; however, below the surface, not love but rather a deep-seated disgust flushes the missionarys cheek and sends his blood stirring.

How Technology Can Assist in Achieving Transparency in a Global Supply Essay

How Technology Can Assist in Achieving Transparency in a Global Supply Chain - Essay Example Global supply chain mainly deals with transportation of products to a plethora of countries rather than local or nationwide orientation. The prime objective is to create net worth, competitive transportation and to meet up with supply along with demand of the customers. Along with these, the total cost involved in the transportation of products should also be quite reasonable, in order to retain its market share among others (Mentzer, 2001). Hence, in order to sustain in this era of globalization and industrialization, it is essential to implement innovative technologies, information technology (IT) strategies along with modern equipments to ease the difficulties associated with supply chain. Due to globalization and offshore sourcing, the issues related to global supply chain is becoming more significant and striking in this recent era. Thus, in order to ensure sustainability, every organization related with logistics is attempting to implement innovative IT technologies and policie s in order to remain competitive in the market. It is essential as it would facilitate in reducing varied problems namely shipping time, charge of required space, tariffs, local cost of the labors and weather conditions among others. Due to the above mentioned problems, both the customers and the dealers have to face varied consequences which even include cancellation of the contract at times. Thus, in order to solve these problems, the global supply chain organizations are attempting to implement IT strategies and systems such as online websites (Mentzer, 2001). Implementation of IT strategies would facilitate the customers to purchase or book the products with the help of online websites. It would ease the problem related with the transportation of the products from one place to the other. Hence, it would also reduce the total expenditure of an organization as well as the customers, which would rather prove beneficial for both. Furthermore, with the help of E-procurement and E-sou rcing techniques, varied organizations can easily connect to various reputed suppliers and distributors in a single span of time, which is quite noteworthy (Epiq Technologies, Inc, 2010). It would also help to reduce the cost incurrence of the organizations thereby improving the total revenue. Moreover, the introduction of E-purchasing technique would also facilitate to enhance customer awareness and responsiveness thereby augmenting corporate image and brand identity for an organization in the market. Moreover, by the implementation of E-sourcing software, the entire business operations can be mapped and operated with a single electronic machine in a particular place thus reducing the cost of traveling. It would also help in utilization of the total time in productive work which would increase the efficiency and the profitability of an organization. It would rather prove beneficial for the organization as well as the employees (Epiq Technologies, Inc, 2010). With the help of techno logical aspects such as IT, the global supply chain organizations can also offer varied discounts strategies on the packaging quantities in order to attract additional customers, which would be beneficial for the organizations. Hence, it would help to improve the total revenue of the organization in the market. Apart from the above mention

The status of Public Space Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

The status of Public Space - Essay Example This fact can be explained by the relationship between architect and life. More specifically, because architecture is closely connected with daily human activities (in all their aspects) its relationship with specific social and political theories and views would be considered as a normal phenomenon. Public can be closely related with architecture. As a term opposed with the individual as a unit, public has to be regarded as a fundamental element of political development in all eras. ‘Polis’ is considered to be a ‘creation’ of the Greek philosophers. Using this term they referred to a general social framework covering a specific geographic area which is represented by the modern ‘city’. However, ‘polis’ was something more. In fact, this term had the meaning of a society in which the relationships of the citizens was close and their dependence on the political power did not based on the fear of the power of politicians to impose specific measures. It was rather a relationship of trust. In accordance with Arendt (p. 195) ‘the original, prephilosophic Greek remedy for this frailey had been the foundation of the polis; the pollis as it grew out of and remained rooted in the Greek pre-pollis experience and estimate of what mak es it worthwhile for men to live together’. In other words, Arendt finds a strong relationship between the ‘pollis’ as described above and the development of society in ancient Greece. In modern societies, the development of life is also considered to be depended on the political decisions and the general political context of each particular state. Because of the above relationship between the social and political life, the lives of people cannot be considered as organized outside of existed social frameworks as they have been developed within states throughout the years. In this context, public can have many aspects – its social and political

The level of awareness of the World Trade Organization Coursework

The level of awareness of the World Trade Organization - Coursework Example The aim of this paper is to reveal the level of awareness of the World Trade Organization and its perceived role within different segments of the population, and then ascertain if there is a link between â€Å"education and knowledge.† This has been accomplished firstly through a large sample of questionnaires conducted with members of the general public (50 respondents being the desired level). As can be seen in appendix 1, the questionnaire has included relevant questions relating to WTO purpose, mission, work, structure, and recognition of their logo, in other words brand awareness. Then a group of fifty students were approached for questionnaires, being a representative sample of final year degree students. The results from both questionnaires were analysed and compared to identify whether the prescribed thesis has been proven or not. The objective of this dissertation is to ascertain the following: - †¢ Whether there is sufficient brand awareness of WTO in terms of brand recognition, recall and characteristics between student population and general public. †¢ Whether there is a co relation between level of education and knowledge of WTO affairs. †¢ Whether cultural differences between the two sample populations have any impact on the knowledge, perception and learning process about world trade affairs, WTO in particular. †¢ Gather a general perception about liberalisation of trade.... Whether there is a co relation between level of education and knowledge of WTO affairs. Whether cultural differences between the two sample populations have any impact on the knowledge, perception and learning process about world trade affairs, WTO in particular. Gather a general perception about liberalisation of trade. Once the objectives are achieved, analysing the future marketing strategy of organizations like WTO to sustain or improve their branding efforts. Methodology This chapter will describe the different methods applicable to this research. The research philosophy, approach, strategy and data collection methods will be briefed. The research intended for WTO is mid way between positivism and interpretivism as the topics require objective knowledge testing as well as subjective analysis of participant's views. Deductive research approach involves hypothesis testing and draws generalizations as a result of it. This research falls under inductive approach as the generalizations like branding awareness, recall etc, are tested in different contexts. Also considering the data sample size deductive research leading to universal generalizations falls short of credibility. Strategy used for research could be experimental, survey, case study, action or qualitative. Qualitative, experimental like focus groups and case study approach are ruled out due to type of research and the timelines available for research. Action research is the best method to be chosen if the firm for which the project is done (Here WTO) is also actively involved in the research. Survey ensures covering a vast sample size within the project timelines, economically. Surveys can also be

Explain the scientific method and scientism. What are the criticisms Essay

Explain the scientific method and scientism. What are the criticisms of scientism Are they effectrive - Essay Example Scientism, therefore, involves having the strong perception and belief in sciences and its outcomes. This paper seeks to discuss scientism basing on the critiques of the scientific method. Scientism gets the definition by critiques as a provisional worldview based on the realism of the universe and its significance. Most critiques argue that scientism seeks to derail humanity through questioning the boundaries about nature that science has already created (Black, 2009). This, in an example, means that although there exists many and different species of human in the globe, scientism focuses on their beliefs. It is in this respect, an individual can presume that scientism is focused on restricting human inquiry. Scientism, therefore, does not consider the improvement of live through science but rather question the idea of life itself (Margolis, 2003). Other critiques, moreover, put forward that even science itself cannot critique any aspects of the philosophy of scientism. This develops after one accepts that it is only through science that man gains knowledge. Summarily, these critiques of scientism are effective since they point out how the philosophy of scientism limits human inquiry. This means that when one shares the perspectives of scientism, they cannot have the zeal for further inquiry about

Land Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Land Law - Essay Example If she however failed to make the necessary enquiries then she remains to be bound by the lease agreements.2 Mr. Wood claims to have a lease interest that was executed under deed. A purchaser’s legal obligations over a lease under deed are determined by legality of the deed. If the deed is legal then registration of the interest in the property is considered. In such a case, the deed must have been legally or properly constituted. The lease is legally binding under common law if Mr. Wood can prove that the deed was properly constituted.3 Otherwise, the purchaser’s obligation to to be bound by the lease will be determined under the doctrine of equity4 . Under this approach, Wood would need to prove that the agreement was in writing and was correctly registered.5 If this was the case, then the existing lease will bind Henrietta on ground of registered notices. The underlying principle of the written and registered agreement is that a purchaser of a registered property is supposed to make a search over all third party rights that are attached to the property before proceeding with the purchase. Failure to make the search and a subsequent existence of a right binds the purchase. If the lease was not registered then Henrietta is not bound by the agreement this is because unregistered interest on registered property is considered as null and void.6 Annabelle claims that she made a share contribution to the purchase of the property sold by Fred. The first factor is Henrietta’s enquiry to find out if such claim was registered.7 If the claim was not registered then it can only be enforced under equity. The case can therefore be considered based on property held under trust. Rights due to trust can be overreached if the the purchase price is paid to more than one trustee. Under such a circumstance, the purchaser is not bound by any claim of ownership by a third party, as the purchase price is sufficient under overreaching principle.8 Payment of the p urchase price to one trustee however introduces the doctrine of overriding interest in the case. For this to be applicable, Fred’s grandmother must prove that she was in occupation of the property at the time of sale. If occupation can be successfully proved then the grandmother’s right over the land binds Henrietta. However, failure to prove interest or occupation in the property at the time of sale protects Henrietta from the grandmother’s claim.9 Mohamed has warned Henrietta against carrying out constructions on a portion of the purchased land on the basis of a restrictive covenant with a former owner. Restrictive covenants are not enforceable under law and would be interpreted in line with the doctrine of equity. In order to determine the legal position of Mohamed’s claim, circumstances under which the covenant was created as well as the nature of the created rights will be evaluated. Since covenants create interest in land, the next factor to be cons idered in determining Henrietta’s liability over the covenant is registration of the right created by the covenant. If the agreement was duly registered, then Henrietta has no legal option but to honour the terms of the covenant as was created between Mohamed and the former property owner. A different scenario would however be witnessed if the covenant was not duly registered.10 Failure to meet requirements under the registration deprives Mohamed of any legal claim over the covenant. In such a case, under which restrictive coven

The level of awareness of the World Trade Organization Coursework

The level of awareness of the World Trade Organization - Coursework Example The aim of this paper is to reveal the level of awareness of the World Trade Organization and its perceived role within different segments of the population, and then ascertain if there is a link between â€Å"education and knowledge.† This has been accomplished firstly through a large sample of questionnaires conducted with members of the general public (50 respondents being the desired level). As can be seen in appendix 1, the questionnaire has included relevant questions relating to WTO purpose, mission, work, structure, and recognition of their logo, in other words brand awareness. Then a group of fifty students were approached for questionnaires, being a representative sample of final year degree students. The results from both questionnaires were analysed and compared to identify whether the prescribed thesis has been proven or not. The objective of this dissertation is to ascertain the following: - †¢ Whether there is sufficient brand awareness of WTO in terms of brand recognition, recall and characteristics between student population and general public. †¢ Whether there is a co relation between level of education and knowledge of WTO affairs. †¢ Whether cultural differences between the two sample populations have any impact on the knowledge, perception and learning process about world trade affairs, WTO in particular. †¢ Gather a general perception about liberalisation of trade.... Whether there is a co relation between level of education and knowledge of WTO affairs. Whether cultural differences between the two sample populations have any impact on the knowledge, perception and learning process about world trade affairs, WTO in particular. Gather a general perception about liberalisation of trade. Once the objectives are achieved, analysing the future marketing strategy of organizations like WTO to sustain or improve their branding efforts. Methodology This chapter will describe the different methods applicable to this research. The research philosophy, approach, strategy and data collection methods will be briefed. The research intended for WTO is mid way between positivism and interpretivism as the topics require objective knowledge testing as well as subjective analysis of participant's views. Deductive research approach involves hypothesis testing and draws generalizations as a result of it. This research falls under inductive approach as the generalizations like branding awareness, recall etc, are tested in different contexts. Also considering the data sample size deductive research leading to universal generalizations falls short of credibility. Strategy used for research could be experimental, survey, case study, action or qualitative. Qualitative, experimental like focus groups and case study approach are ruled out due to type of research and the timelines available for research. Action research is the best method to be chosen if the firm for which the project is done (Here WTO) is also actively involved in the research. Survey ensures covering a vast sample size within the project timelines, economically. Surveys can also be

Land Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Land Law - Essay Example If she however failed to make the necessary enquiries then she remains to be bound by the lease agreements.2 Mr. Wood claims to have a lease interest that was executed under deed. A purchaser’s legal obligations over a lease under deed are determined by legality of the deed. If the deed is legal then registration of the interest in the property is considered. In such a case, the deed must have been legally or properly constituted. The lease is legally binding under common law if Mr. Wood can prove that the deed was properly constituted.3 Otherwise, the purchaser’s obligation to to be bound by the lease will be determined under the doctrine of equity4 . Under this approach, Wood would need to prove that the agreement was in writing and was correctly registered.5 If this was the case, then the existing lease will bind Henrietta on ground of registered notices. The underlying principle of the written and registered agreement is that a purchaser of a registered property is supposed to make a search over all third party rights that are attached to the property before proceeding with the purchase. Failure to make the search and a subsequent existence of a right binds the purchase. If the lease was not registered then Henrietta is not bound by the agreement this is because unregistered interest on registered property is considered as null and void.6 Annabelle claims that she made a share contribution to the purchase of the property sold by Fred. The first factor is Henrietta’s enquiry to find out if such claim was registered.7 If the claim was not registered then it can only be enforced under equity. The case can therefore be considered based on property held under trust. Rights due to trust can be overreached if the the purchase price is paid to more than one trustee. Under such a circumstance, the purchaser is not bound by any claim of ownership by a third party, as the purchase price is sufficient under overreaching principle.8 Payment of the p urchase price to one trustee however introduces the doctrine of overriding interest in the case. For this to be applicable, Fred’s grandmother must prove that she was in occupation of the property at the time of sale. If occupation can be successfully proved then the grandmother’s right over the land binds Henrietta. However, failure to prove interest or occupation in the property at the time of sale protects Henrietta from the grandmother’s claim.9 Mohamed has warned Henrietta against carrying out constructions on a portion of the purchased land on the basis of a restrictive covenant with a former owner. Restrictive covenants are not enforceable under law and would be interpreted in line with the doctrine of equity. In order to determine the legal position of Mohamed’s claim, circumstances under which the covenant was created as well as the nature of the created rights will be evaluated. Since covenants create interest in land, the next factor to be cons idered in determining Henrietta’s liability over the covenant is registration of the right created by the covenant. If the agreement was duly registered, then Henrietta has no legal option but to honour the terms of the covenant as was created between Mohamed and the former property owner. A different scenario would however be witnessed if the covenant was not duly registered.10 Failure to meet requirements under the registration deprives Mohamed of any legal claim over the covenant. In such a case, under which restrictive coven

The Colour Purple essay Essay Example for Free

The Colour Purple essay Essay 1) What do you learn about Celies attitudes to life in these letters?  2) Write about Walkers method of telling the story in letter 90.  3) Some readers see the ending of the novel as a triumph of the human spirit. Some see it as sickly and sentimental. What do you think about the novels ending?  1) By letters 89 and 90 Celies attitudes to life have changed considerably from the early letters of the novel. Celies attitude is extremely positive and she appears to have triumphed over her oppression, through her human spirit, attitude to life and bonds of sisterhood. This is shown in letter 89 by the way her and Shug respond to each other: She look at me funny for a minute, I look at her. Then us laugh.  This shows her sense of contentment and an almost carefree and happy attitude towards life. Laughter being a symbol of healing and regeneration suggests that despite Celies horrendous past experiences her psyche has been healed and she is content in her life.  In letter 89 Alice Walker portrays Celie with an air of confidence and defiance, Celie is finally prepared to not be passive in her response to discrimination and oppression she is prepared to question authority. Walker shows Celie to be proud of Sofias authority over a white man: she scare that white man. Anybody else colored he try to call em auntie or something. First time he try that with Sofia she ast him which colored man his mama sister marry. There is a lot of symbolism used in letter 89 which imply aspects of Celies attitudes to life. She shows her room to Shug:  Well here it is, I say, standing in the door. Everything in my room purple and red cept the floor,  The colours purple and red symbolise bruises on a beaten womans skin and in painting her room these colours her attitudes towards life are revealed, it suggests that Celie accepts her past life of abuse. However purple also symbolises beauty, royalty, it is a color Celie associates with vivacious women such as Shug and a color she feels was put on earth by God. By surrounding herself with purple it represents Celies new found confident attitude to life and contentment that her future life will be beautiful. Letter 90 shows Celies changed attitudes to spirituality within her life, opening the letter Dear God. Dear stars, dear treesDear everything. Dear God Celies changing outlook upon religion with the rejection of a patriarchal God and new belief that God is within everything, as well as the return of both Shug in letter 89 and Celies family in letter 90 has led to Celies sense of calm and inner peace, which is portrayed within these letters. This is expressed in her final sentences:  But I dont think us feel old at all. And us so happy. Matter of fact, I think this is the youngest us ever felt. These final sentences also depict Celies final self-acceptance and philosophical reflection upon her life. It concludes her journey to freedom from oppression, which the book has charted.  2) Just as Celies attitudes to life have changed, by letter 90 there is a noticeable change in Celies language style, she has a more sophisticated lexis and syntax which contrasts significantly to her early letters to God. Whereas Walkers use of language for Celies character in the early letters expresses her lack of education, Walkers change in Celies language shows Celies life education. It depicts the change from Celie being a naive innocent narrator to a confident woman, educated through life and others such as Nettie. The change in Celies vocabulary and grammatical style suggests she has learnt from Netties carefully composed letters. However, letter 90 also shows how Walker does not abandon Celies mimetic style and her use of the colloquial black American dialect:  This Shug and Albert, I say. Everybody say pleased to Meetcha  Celie continues to include phonetical spellings such as Meetcha and to use the present tense for past events such as I say instead of I said. Both of these are features of the dialect of the Deep South and show that Walker has continued to express aspects of black American cultural identity through Celies language throughout the novel. Often throughout history the voices of this community have not been heard and in her method of telling the story Walker allows them to have a voice through Celies vernacular.

Human Resource planning

Human Resource planning LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 INTRODUCTION This literature review uses the work of other various researchers to be able to provide the theoretical context of the research. It starts by defining the key terms in our objectives and is followed by a brief history of Human Resource Planning. Furthermore, it steers us towards the concept of Human Resource Planning and its processes and the effects HRP has on an organization. 2.1 DEFINITION OF HUMAN RESOURCE PLANNING Human Resource Planning is an outgoing process of appointing the accurate number of employees bearing the right talent and skills in the right jobs at the right time, while avoiding manpower shortages or surpluses as a means to achieve the goals of the organization. Walker (1974) defines HRP as â€Å"the systematic analysis of present and future human resource requirements and the establishment of strategic plans and programs for the procurement, utilization, development and retention of those employees needed to achieve the organizational goals and objectives.† Human resource planning is established on the belief that people are an organization’s most important resource. Human resource planning is also an ongoing process, concerned with matching resources to business needs and shall be flexible enough to satisfy short-term staffing issues as well as adapting to changing conditions in the business and environmental context over the long term. Human resource planning should be a fundamental aspect of business planning. The strategic planning process describes projected changes in the different types of activities performed by the organization and the scale of those activities. It determinates the core competences the organization needs to achieve its goals and hence, its resources and skill requirements. These plans are clarified by human resource planning in terms of people requirements. Quinn Mills (1983), stated that human resource planning is a â€Å"decision-making process that combines three important activities : 1) identifying and obtaining the right number of people with the proper skills; 2) motivating them to achieve enhanced and better performance; 3) creating interactive links between business objectives and human resource planning activities.† However, a certain distinction has to be made between ‘soft’ and ‘hard’ human resource planning. Soft HRP is described by Marchington and Wilkinson (1996) as being more focused on the human aspect side as it gives more involvement and attention to employees in an organization, shaping the culture of the organization and integrating a clear integration between corporate goals and employee values and beliefs and also gives a broader importance to communication of the company mission and plans. Hard HRP on the other hand is more inflexible, where the manpower is managed tightly by top management and is based rather on quantitative analysis as a means to ensure the right number of people and the right kind of people is available when needed. The writers went on by claiming that the soft version is on the same line as the whole subject of human resource management as the soft version focuses much more on the human aspect than the hard version, and is also flexibl e to changes which can occur in the business context. Despite the fact, that human resource planning is an integral aspect of HRM, it does not seem to be established as a vital HR activity. Rothwell (1995) claims that; ‘Seldom rare examples, there has been few evidence of the impact HRP can have within an organization and its success.’ Rothwell (1995) explains that this could have arisen from: The impact of change and the complexity of forecasting the future, The ‘shifting kaleidoscope’ of policy priorities and strategies within organizations, The lack of trust shown by many managers of theory or planning- they often choose pragmatic adaptation over conceptualization The lack of attestation that human resource planning really works. 2.2 THE LABOUR MARKET Human resource planning processes occurs within the framework of the labour market. Elliot (1991) defined, ‘The market for labour is a contemplation; it is an analytical arrangement used to illustrate the context within which the buyers and sellers of labour join together to determine the pricing and allocation of labour services.’ Nonetheless, the external labour market and the internal labour market have to be distinguished between each other. The external labour market consists of the regional, national, local and international labour markets. It is necessary to analyse which of these labour markets is most suitable to accommodate the best resource upon formulating human resource plans. Various and precise skills and occupations lies within the markets for labour. The internal labour market as it names suggests, refers to the labour market within organizations. It consists of the quantity of people available in the firm itself who can fill in the required responsibility within the organization itself. The internal market can be the primary source of future labour requirements through development policies, training, internal advertising, career planning and management succession. Human resource planning deals with the future supply of labour and will assess the degree to which requirements can be satisfied within the firm or outside. Both internal and external sources are used, but on area, depending on the size of the firm, its growth rate or decline rate, and its employee resourcing policies. 2.3 FROM MANPOWER PLANNING TO HUMAN RESOURCE PLANNING Manpower planning, human resource planning, employment planning, people planning and other similar names have been used to label the planning exercise of human resource management. (Megginson, 1977: Burack and Gutteridge, 1978). The term ‘Manpower Planning’ was classically used to describe human resource planning. Nonetheless, in modern trends, the term â€Å"human resource planning† has prevailed. This has been the case since in HRP, the managers are concerned with motivating people a process in which expenses, numbers, control and systems interact and play a part whereas that in Manpower planning the managers focuses mainly on the numerical elements of forecasting supply, demand matching and control, in which people are a part and also as a means to minimize the sexist connotation of the term â€Å"manpower†. HR PLANNING V/S MANPOWER PLANNING Human resource planning utilizes more qualitative techniques for evaluating future manpower requirements. Even though, the importance of the basics of manpower planning are still greatly valued, there is little use for more mathematical techniques (Greer, Jackson and Fiorito, 1989). It may include the use of more imaginative forecasting techniques in a volatile environment derived from corporate planning such as scenario planning. This can be tied into quantitative analysis through the use of ‘what if’ questions applied to computerized manpower databases. Human resource planning is involved in the development of people in a long term perspective. The fact that manpower planning is rather problem-centered, in contrast, leads it to be reactive as it has shrunk from the uncertainties of long term planning. Human resource planning provides flexibility to business strategy. This has two facets: Firstly, the head of the HR function is part of the top team. This ensures a dialogue about people and strategy. Secondly, there is no pretence that all HR programmes and systems equate with specific business plans. FIGURE 1.2 PROCESS OF HR PLANNING Source: (Armstrong Michael: A handbook of Human Resource Management Practice. AIMS OF HUMAN RESOURCE PLANNING The aims of human resource planning are to ensure that the organization: Makes the best and optimum use of its human resources Is able to foresee and anticipate the issues of potential excess or shortages of people Focuses on recruiting internally than externally when key skills are in short reply- it involves formulating retention, as well as employee development strategies. ­ Aims at developing a well trained and flexible workforce that would be able to cope and adapt to changes within the environment and other uncertainties. 2.6 ACHIEVING THE AIMS HRP is believed to consist of four clear steps, namely: Forecasting future needs; Analysing the availability and supply of people; Drawing up plans to fit supply and demand; Monitoring the implementation of the plan As Casson (1978) mentioned, this traditional belief represents human resource planning as an â€Å"all-embracing, policy-making activity producing, on a rolling basis, accurate forecasts using technically sophisticated and highly integrated planning systems.’ However, he suggested that this is better regarded as: ‘a regular supervising activity, through which human resource reserve and their relationship to business needs can be better understood, assessed and controlled, problems recognized and a base established as a means to respond to unforeseen events. The aims of Human Resource Management can be achieved through the following activities: (a)- Resource Strategy (b)- Turning broad strategies into action plans 2.6 (c)- Demand Forecasting 2.6 (d)- Supply Forecasting 2.6 (e)- Forecasting requirements 2.6 (f)- Flexibility 2.6 (g)- Productivity and costs analysis 2.6 (h)- Action planning 2.6 (i)- Control 2.4 (a) (i) EMPLOYEE RESOURCING STRATEGY Employee resourcing strategy helps both in the formulation and implementation of business strategies. 2.4 (a) (ii) Formulation of business strategies Resourcing strategies participates greatly in the formulation of business strategy by identifying opportunities to take the best out of existing human resources and by showing how human resources limitations may affect the implementation of the proposed business plan unless action is taken. Those limitations consist of skill shortages, hight recruitment, training and employment costs , or lack of flexibility. 2.4 (a) (iii) Implementation Strategies These consist of: acquisition strategies which describe how the resources required to meet forecast needs will be obtained retention strategies, which consists of those strategies that the organization will make use of so as to keep people they intend to at the organization development strategies, which indicates what needs to be done to extend and improve skills to enable people to fill for greater responsibility, and also defines the outputs required from training programmes utilization strategies, which indicate intentions to improve productivity and cost effectiveness 2.4 (a) (iv) The basis of employee resourcing strategies The ground for employee resourcing strategies is provided by longer-term business plans shorter-term budgets and competences and willingness ‘to minimize cost of the business’ by diminish the size of the workforce, delayering or relying more on part timers. Furthermore, the strategy must also deal with the supply side, whether it will be from or outside the organization. Internal supply-side planning involves forecasting the output of training programmes and losses through employee turnover. Absenteeism’s impact has also to be considered. External supply-side planning consists of looking at demographics such as the likely supply of school-leavers, professionally qualified staff and university graduates entering the local and national labour market. 2.4(b) TURNING BROAD STRATEGIES INTO ACTION PLANS Resourcing strategies indicates the analysis of business strategies and demographic trends. They are translated into action plans summed up on the outcome of the following interrelated planning activities: Scenario Planning- executing an environmental scan on the problems that most affect markets for labour which concerns the organization; Demand forecasting- estimating future needs for people and skills in relation to corporate and functional plans and forecasts of future activity levels; Supply forecasting- estimating the supply of manpower in allusion to analyses of current resources and future availability, after allowing for waste; Forecasting requirements- analyzing the demand and supply forecasts to find future deficits or surpluses with the help of models where suitable; Productivity and cost analysis- analyzing productivity, capacity, utilization and costs so as to identify the need for improvements in terms of productivity or costs’ reduction. Action planning- setting up a series of plans to deals with forecasts deficits or surplus of people, to improve utilization, flexibility and productivity or to reduce costs; Budgeting and control- setting human resource budgets and standards and monitoring the implementation of the plan against them 2.4 (b) (i) SCENARIO PLANNING Scenario planning can be defined as an assessment of all the environmental changes that are likely to have certain effects on the organization so that a forecast can be made of the possible situations that may have to be dealt in the future. The scenario is best based on systematic environmental scanning, and also the PEST approach can be summoned in such a case. 2.4 (c) DEMAND FORECASTING Demand forecasting is the process of estimating the future number of people required and the exact aptitudes and competences they will need to bear. the basis of the forecasting is the annual budget and longer-term business plan translated into activity levels for each function and department decisions on ‘downsizing’. Details are required of any organization plans that would result in increases or decreased demands for employees. 2.4 (c) (i) (a) DEMAND FORECASTING METHODS There are four basic demand forecasting methods for forecasting the number of people required: Managerial Judgment Ratio- trend analysis Work study techniques Modeling 2.4 (c) (i) (a) MANAGERIAL JUDGMENT Managerial judgment is the most common method of forecasting. This simply involves managers to sit down, reflect about their future workloads and hence, decide on how many people would be required. This process can be done on a â€Å"bottom-up† basis, with line managers submitting proposals for agreement by senior management. A â€Å"top-down† approach can be used alternatively, in which the company and department forecasts are prepared by top management, possibly acting on advice from the personnel department. These forecasts are reviewed and agreed with department managers. Eventually, the best way of using managerial judgment may to be adopt both the â€Å"bottom-up† and â€Å"top-down† approach. Guidelines for departmental managers should be prepared, showing company assumptions about future activity levels which will affect their departments and targets are also set where necessary. Hence, with these guidelines, the departmental managers prepare their forecasts to laid-down format with the assistance of the personnel department, where needed. At the same time, the personnel department has to prepare a company human resource forecast. 2.4 (c) (i) (b) RATIO-TREND ANALYSIS Ratio-trend analysis is carried out by analyzing and studying past ratios, for instance, the number of direct (production) workers and (support) workers in a manufacturing plant, and forecasting future ratios, having made some room for changes in organization or in methods. Activity level forecasts are afterwards used to determine direct labour requ Human Resource Planning Human Resource Planning 1.0 Introduction: Human ReÃ'•ource Planning also known as HRP playÃ'• a paramount part in any organiÃ'•ation aÃ'• a tool to achieve goalÃ'• via effective Ã'•trategic Human ReÃ'•ource Management or HRM. It is has been a clichà © that the people are the most important resource in business. Effective use of people seem to be one of the primary assets of a business aside from its financial, technological and physical resources therefore it has to be managed effectively and strategically. HRP is a process in which human resource requirements within complex international labour market is utilised to achieve organisational long term objectives and goals. To maintain competitive advantage, HR activities to achieve goal and objectives must not be undertaken in isolation. Ergo it will create iÃ'•Ã'•ueÃ'• associated with variouÃ'• HR activitieÃ'• specifically employee retention, recruitment, training and performance management. ThiÃ'• reÃ'€ort focuÃ'•eÃ'• on the role of human resource planning and recruitment and selection strategy in supporting employee retention withing a complex international labour market, recruiting and Ã'•electing individualÃ'• for emÃ'€loyment in an organization and the effective Ã'•trategieÃ'• that are internationally being uÃ'•ed and muÃ'•t be uÃ'•ed. Objectives: ThiÃ'• reÃ'€ort will focuÃ'• on the role of the recruitment and retention Ã'•trategy in four following aÃ'•Ã'€ectÃ'•: An evaluation of planning and flexibility in managing the supply and demand of human resources within an international dimension AÃ'€Ã'€raiÃ'•al of the design of recruitment strategies and selection tools and Ã'•election criteria to Ã'•uÃ'€Ã'€ort international recruitment and Ã'•election Analysis of employee retention issues in an international arena. Evaluation of the role recruitment and selection play in supporting employee retention. 2.0 Evaluation of Planning and Flexibility in Managing the Supply and Demand of Human Resources Within an International Dimension: Most organisations have the tendency to habitually ignore the importance of HR planning. Its proactive approach rather than reactive will allows its decision making to be more strategic rather than encounter difficulties when unprepared. By anticipating labour surplus and shortages, it can improve decision making regarding the â€Å"overall qualitative and quantitative balance of employees† (Glade 2002, Ã'€Ã'€ 14-15). The recruitment procedure could be internal or external or could also be online and involves the stages of recruitment policies, advertising, job description, job aÃ'€Ã'€lication Ã'€roceÃ'•Ã'•, interviews, aÃ'•Ã'•eÃ'•Ã'•ment, decision making, legislation selection and training. HRP is a proactive approach relates to the organisation and its long term needs and the external environment. It has a foresight for example, 10 years. Ð…mall and medium Ã'•ized enterÃ'€riÃ'•eÃ'• (Ð…MEÃ'•) aÃ'• well focus on interviews and aÃ'•Ã'•eÃ'•Ã'•ment with emphasis on job analysis, emotional intelligence in new or inexpert aÃ'€Ã'€licantÃ'• and corporate social reÃ'•Ã'€onÃ'•ibility (CÐ…R). Other techniques of selection that have been described include various type of interviews, in tray exercise(Graetz 2002 , Ã'€Ã'€ 67-190), role play, group activity, etc. By definition, flexibility is the ability to adapt to change. In a recession a business needs a flexible workforce to survive. In HRP, there are two types of flexibility, functional and numerical Functional Flexibility: Functional flexibility encompasses the capacity of employees to become multi-skilled and moved between functions as business demands dictates. While potentially a characteristic of all employees, this form of flexibility is linked by Atkinsons with the organisations core work force: those who possess organisation- specific skills, which by definition, difficult to buy in from the outside. Numerical Flexibility: Numerical flexibility is about managing the headcount to make sure the number rise and fall with the exigencies of the business. This is more easily done where the staffs concerned has generic skills which can be dispensed with in the knowledge that they can, if necessary, be found in the wider labour market and brought back into the organisation with little delay. These are the peripheral workforce, made up largely, but not exclusively, of contractor and temporary staff. 3.0 Appraisal of the Design of Recruitment Strategies and Selection Tools and Selection Criteria to Support International Recruitment and Selection: In todays ever increasingly competitive job market, employing the best candidates has become a crucial part of a successful organisation. It is a very complicated Ã'€roceÃ'•Ã'• to recruit and select staff. The integration into the organizational aÃ'€Ã'€roach means that the Ã'•ucceÃ'•Ã'•ful outcome of such Ã'€roceÃ'•Ã'•eÃ'• is eÃ'•Ã'•ential for individual job performance and organizational Ã'•ucceÃ'•Ã'•. The complexity of matching the right person to the right job is a ongoing process for human resource practitioners and management. According to Becker, 2001 utilising the appropriate selection tools will reduce the number of aÃ'€Ã'€licantÃ'• and also single out the highest matching candidates. Thus, creating the environment for the organization to select the most qualified candidate for the job A well designed selection process, if executed successfully can lead to high productivity, low turnover, decrease in misconduct, increase level of morale and performance. Therefore, recruitment and selection process is critical in organisationalcompetitiveness on an international dimension. According to Bohlander Snells, 2007 â€Å"Organizations use several different means to obtain information about aÃ'€Ã'€licantÃ'•â€ . A supermarket, for example, can use a variety of selection tools for a hiring program. Selection tools that would be considered for a supermarket hiring program would be aÃ'€Ã'€lication, interview, and cognitive ability teÃ'•t. Selection Tools Being AÃ'€Ã'€lied: Rà ©sumà ©s and AÃ'€Ã'€licationÃ'•: The first step in most selection Ã'€roceÃ'•Ã'•eÃ'• involves the collection of basic candidate information. Almost all organisations require job candidates to submit a rà ©sumà © and complete a standard aÃ'€Ã'€lication to summarize education and work history (Graetz 2002, Ã'€Ã'€ 67-190). Behaviour-based Interviews: Almost all of the organisations use behaviour-based interviews to some extent as part of their selection Ã'€roceÃ'•Ã'•. In structured behaviour-based interviews, candidates are asked to describe Ã'•Ã'€ecific behavioural examples of their skills. A variety of research studies have been conducted comparing the validity of different interviewing techniques (Glade 2002, Ã'€Ã'€ 14-15). Behaviour- or exÃ'€erience-baÃ'•ed interviews are found to predict subsequent job performance better than other interviewing techniques (e.g., situational interviews) (Ð  ulakoÃ'• Ð…chmitt, 1995). More organisations are opting to perform such structured interviews as part of the selection Ã'€roceÃ'•Ã'• to increase the likelihood of hiring candidates who will be Ã'•ucceÃ'•Ã'•ful in the Ã'€oÃ'•itionÃ'•. Limited Use of AÃ'€Ã'€licant TeÃ'•ting and AÃ'•Ã'•eÃ'•Ã'•ment: On average, the majority of organisations do not use any form of aÃ'•Ã'•eÃ'•Ã'•ment or testing. Only three practices are used by more than 50 percent of the organisations internationally: †¢ Performance/Work sample tests (for example, writing a computer program under structured testing conditions) are used by 58 percent of organisations (Graetz 2002 , Ã'€Ã'€ 67-190). †¢ Knowledge tests (tests that meaÃ'•ured job-Ã'•Ã'€ecific knowledge) are used by 56 percent of organisations. †¢ Ability tests (mental, clerical, mechanical, physical, or technical) are used by 52 percent of organisations. The selection practices an organization uses depend on the Ã'€oÃ'•itionÃ'• to be filled. Selecting candidates for various Ã'€oÃ'•itionÃ'• typically requires different practices or methods. Using tests to measure mechanical, clerical, or other type of abilities might be more aÃ'€Ã'€roÃ'€riate for certain jobs (e.g., plumber, administrative aÃ'•Ã'•iÃ'•tant) than for others (e.g., manager). AÃ'•Ã'•eÃ'•Ã'•mentÃ'• are typically used for aÃ'•Ã'•eÃ'•Ã'•ing critical competencies required for uÃ'€Ã'€er level (Glade 2002, Ã'€Ã'€ 14-15). Best Selection System: The selection practices with significant correlations to overall system effectiveneÃ'•Ã'• can be considered best practices overall. Organisations with highly effective selection Ã'•yÃ'•temÃ'• use four practices significantly more extensively than organisations with leÃ'•Ã'•-effective Ã'•yÃ'•temÃ'•: Practice 1: Behaviour-Based Interviews: Organisations with highly effective selection Ã'•yÃ'•temÃ'• reported using behaviour-based interviews more often than those with leÃ'•Ã'•-effective Ã'•yÃ'•temÃ'•. Behaviour based interviews enhance the effectiveneÃ'•Ã'• of the selection Ã'€roceÃ'•Ã'• by: †¢ Focusing on job-related behaviors (Birchfield 2003, Ã'€Ã'€ 45-48). †¢ Obtaining Ã'€reciÃ'•e behavioral data. †¢ Using at behavior to calculate future behavior. Practice 2: Motivational Fit Inventories: During the selection Ã'€roceÃ'•Ã'•, many organizations focus only on aÃ'•Ã'•eÃ'•Ã'•ing the skills neceÃ'•Ã'•ary to perform the job. However, skill is only one factor related to job performance. Job motivation and organizational fit also must be taken into consideration (Glade 2002, Ã'€Ã'€ 14-15). A candidate might have all the skills neceÃ'•Ã'•ary to perform the job taÃ'•kÃ'•, but not be motivated by the factors aÃ'•Ã'•ociated with the particular job or by the companys values and way of doing things. Thus, aÃ'•Ã'•eÃ'•Ã'•ment of these motivations can help identify candidates who not only have the â€Å"can do† aÃ'•Ã'€ect of the job, but also have the â€Å"will do.† Practice 3: Computerized Rà ©sumà © Screening: As mentioned previously, computerized rà ©sumà © screening greatly reduces the time HR Ã'€rofeÃ'•Ã'•ionalÃ'• must Ã'•Ã'€end sifting through non standardised rà ©sumà ©s. Now, HR can gather rà ©sumà © data in a standard, computerized format or use Ã'•Ã'€ecial software to scan and Ã'€roceÃ'•Ã'• rà ©sumà ©s (Birchfield 2003, Ã'€Ã'€ 45-48). Large banks of aÃ'€Ã'€licant data ensure that when new jobs arise, the database can be easily searched for potential matches. Practice 4: Training/Experience Evaluations: The premise underlying training and experience (TE) evaluations is that they aÃ'•Ã'•eÃ'•Ã'• job-relevant abilities, skills, and motivation (Graetz 2002 , Ã'€Ã'€ 67-190). It is aÃ'•Ã'•umed that individualÃ'• who have Ã'•ucceÃ'•Ã'•fully Ã'€erformed job relevant taÃ'•kÃ'• requiring these skills and abilitieÃ'• in the at will also be Ã'•ucceÃ'•Ã'•ful in Ã'€erforming Ã'•imilar taÃ'•kÃ'• in the future. TE evaluations can be uÃ'•ed aÃ'• a screening device for Ã'€oÃ'•itionÃ'• in which Ã'€reviouÃ'• experience and training are neceÃ'•Ã'•ary for job performance. Organizations can use well develoÃ'€ed TE evaluations to Ã'•et minimum qualificationÃ'• for eÃ'•Ã'•ential job taÃ'•kÃ'• and skills that are Ã'€redictive of job performance. 4.0 Analysis of Employee Retention Issues in an International Arena. TodayÃ'• international labour market, it iÃ'• becoming increasingly an up hill strugglet for organiÃ'•ationÃ'• to source out, recruit, and Ã'•elect qualified candidates. The competition for talent iÃ'• intenÃ'•ifying, aÃ'• there are fewer qualified applicantÃ'• available. ThiÃ'• competitive nature for applicantÃ'• makeÃ'• it all the more important for organiÃ'•ationÃ'• to be able to effectively attract, Ã'•elect, and retain quality candidateÃ'•. Provide a Positive Working Environment: Corporate culture is a new buzz word resonating around the business and HR arena. This term describes the overall working environment of a company, whether it family-oriented, or autocratic, friendly or hostile. Employees in the past were simply grateful to be working and companies were authoritarian. As society began to change, the authoritarian ways of organisations also began to change. A paycheck was not enough to attract employees, they also want a good quality of life in and outside work. It is extremely important to keep employees motivated, to keep the creative skills flowing and try and build an environment where they can thrive in, reach their potential and feel challenged. Due to the changing environment, there is a conformance towards development of Employees Company wide acroÃ'•Ã'• various regions rather than sustaining them within buÃ'•ineÃ'•Ã'• sectors (Becker 2001, Ã'€Ã'€ 33-189). This drives a more valued development Ã'€roceÃ'•Ã'• in attaining human capital in the increasing competitive environment. Recognize, Reward and Reinforce the Right Behaviour: When employees have the power to make decisions related to their performance, can acceÃ'•Ã'• information about company costs and revenues, and have the neceÃ'•Ã'•ary knowledge, training and development to do their jobs and are rewarded for their efforts they are more productive. Money and benefits may attract people to the front door, but something else has to keep them from going out the back. People have a fundamental human need to experience aÃ'€Ã'€reciated and proud of their work. Recognition and incentive programs aid meet that need. (Becker 2001, Ã'€Ã'€ 33-189). The Gallup Organization, a leader in employee engagement research, found that employee physical health and Ã'€Ã'•ychological well-being affect the quality and quantity of work. For example, 62% of engaged employees feel their work positively affects their physical health. Yet that number droÃ'€Ã'• to 39% among nonengaged employees and to 22% among employees who are actively disengaged. In addition, 54% of disengaged employees say their work has a negativeâ„ ® effect on their health and 51% see a negative effect on their well-being. Involve and Engage: Employee engagement is a key buÃ'•ineÃ'•Ã'• driver for organizational Ã'•ucceÃ'•Ã'•. High levels of engagement in domestic and global firms promote retention of talent, foster customer loyalty and improve organizational performance and stakeholder value. A complex concept, engagement is influenced by many factors from workplace culture, organizational communication and managerial styles to trust and reÃ'•Ã'€ect, leadership and company reputation. For todays different generations, acceÃ'•Ã'• to training and career oÃ'€Ã'€ortunitieÃ'•, work/life balance and empowerment to make decisions are important. Thug, to foster a culture of engagement, HR leads the way to design measure and evaluate proactive workplace policies and practices that help attract and retain talent with skills and competencies neceÃ'•Ã'•ary for growth and sustainability (Glade 2002, Ã'€Ã'€ 14-15). Employee engagement is defined as the extent to which employees commit to something or s omeone in their organization, how hard they work and how long they stay as a result of that commitment. Research shows that the connection between an employees job and organizational strategy, including understanding how important the job is to the firms Ã'•ucceÃ'•Ã'•, is the most important driver of employee engagement. (Glade 2002, Ã'€Ã'€ 14-15). Develop Skills and Potential: Recruitment aims to attract and identify potential employees through activities carried out by the organiÃ'•ation. There is therefore a direct link between the HR plan and the recruitment Ã'€roceÃ'•Ã'• as it is required to deliver skills according to the organisations strategy, that is, different company strategies will directly impact the type of employees that it recruit. For most people, career oÃ'€Ã'€ortunitieÃ'• are juÃ'•t aÃ'• important as the money they make (Becker 2001, Ã'€Ã'€ 33-189). Over the Ã'€aÃ'•t decade, there has been a decline in skills in certain areas resulting in recruiters to search globally. The claÃ'•Ã'•ic example is that of the nurÃ'•ing industry in Victoria launching an advertising campaign to attract three thousand nurses into Victorias public hoÃ'•Ã'€italÃ'•. The aÃ'€Ã'€roach to recruitment is therefore primarily determined by H.R.Ð  . which provides a balance between internal and external recruitment for most large firms. Evaluate and Measure: Frameworks for competencies must be consistent and constantly reviewed, and in doing so, Ã'•ucceÃ'•Ã'•orÃ'• are prepared to face the real world aÃ'• they attain this competitive edge. Competency modelling is used within Ã'•ucceÃ'•Ã'•ion Ã'€lanning aÃ'• the main performance management technique. Within a job Ã'€roceÃ'•Ã'•, it aims to find the difference between the best and average performers and use this as a benchmark; however this fails to benchmark against other toÃ'€ performing organisations which may lead to the demise of its Ã'•ucceÃ'•Ã'•ion plan. (Graetz 2002, Ã'€Ã'€ 67-190). Therefore it is fair to say that organizationÃ'• need to offer more than an attractive wage to entice qualified candidateÃ'•. OrganizationÃ'• muÃ'•t have an effective, legally Ã'•ound Ã'•yÃ'•tem in place to help them Ã'•elect the right people for the right jobÃ'•; to do Ã'•o, many organizationÃ'• are planning to increaÃ'•e their uÃ'•e of variouÃ'• toolÃ'• and devote more money to the proceÃ'•Ã'•. Finally, better recruitment and Ã'•election Ã'•trategieÃ'• reÃ'•ult in improved organizational outcomeÃ'•. The more effectively organization recruit and Ã'•elect candidateÃ'•, the more likely they are to hire and retain Ã'•atiÃ'•fied employeeÃ'•. In addition, the effectiveneÃ'•Ã'• of an organizationÃ'• Ã'•election Ã'•yÃ'•tem can influence bottom-line buÃ'•ineÃ'•Ã'• outcomeÃ'•, Ã'•uch aÃ'• productivity and financial performance. Hence, inveÃ'•ting in the development of a comprehenÃ'•ive and valid Ã'•election à '•yÃ'•tem iÃ'• money well Ã'•pent. 5.0 Evaluation of the role recruitment and selection play in supporting employee retention. Selecting and retaining great staff is a key for buÃ'•ineÃ'•Ã'• Ã'•ucceÃ'•Ã'•. Talented people who continue to develoÃ'€ skills and increase their value to organiÃ'•ation and to cuÃ'•tomerÃ'• are most important resource (Becker 2001 , Ã'€Ã'€ 33-189).. HereÃ'• how to decide on and retain these people and create an environment in which they continue to thrive. An increasing number of forward-looking organisation (both Ã'€rivate and public Ã'•ector) are imÃ'€lementing comÃ'€rehenÃ'•ive Performance Management Ã'•yÃ'•temÃ'•, with the goal of booÃ'•ting their effectiveneÃ'•Ã'• and Ã'€rofitability. EmÃ'€loyee aÃ'• Agent in Recruiting EmÃ'€loyeeÃ'•: EÃ'•tabliÃ'•hing a modeÃ'•t recruitment incentive Ã'€rogram will encourage Ã'€oÃ'•itive Ã'€ublic relationÃ'• and imÃ'€rove emÃ'€loyeeÃ'• Ã'€erceÃ'€tionÃ'• of their relationÃ'•hiÃ'€ with the comÃ'€any. An exiÃ'•ting emÃ'€loyee addÃ'• charge to an emÃ'€loyee recruiting camÃ'€aign for Ã'•everal reaÃ'•onÃ'•. BecauÃ'•e emÃ'€loyeeÃ'• have an oÃ'€erational underÃ'•tanding of the variouÃ'• roleÃ'• and reÃ'•Ã'€onÃ'•ibilitieÃ'• of the buÃ'•ineÃ'•Ã'•, they will be more likely to introduce candidateÃ'• who match Ã'€oÃ'•ition requirementÃ'• (Becker 2001 , Ã'€Ã'€ 33-189). IncreaÃ'•ing candidate aÃ'•Ã'•ortment will reduce reliance on external agency Ã'•erviceÃ'• and Ã'•ave time and money. EmÃ'€loyeeÃ'• will exÃ'€erience valued when an in Ã'€erÃ'•on recommended candidate iÃ'• conÃ'•idered. Ð  oÃ'•itive Ã'€ublic relationÃ'• will manifeÃ'•t naturally when emÃ'€loyeeÃ'• know that they can benefit from drawing otherÃ'• to the buÃ'•ineÃ'•Ã'•. Ð  articiÃ'€ation will foÃ'•ter a Ã'•Ã'€irit of donation to the big Ã'€icture. Normally, an emÃ'€loyee iÃ'• offered a modeÃ'•t monetary incentive in comÃ'€ariÃ'•on to external agency feeÃ'• (Kane 2003, Ã'€Ã'€ 494-512). Half of the amount iÃ'• Ã'€aid after the indenture iÃ'• Ã'•igned, and the Ã'•tability iÃ'• Ã'€rovided uÃ'€on Ã'•ucceÃ'•Ã'•ful comÃ'€letion of a Ã'€robationary Ã'€eriod. Recruitment and Ð…election for ComÃ'€etitive Advantage: Ð…trategic Human ReÃ'•ourceÃ'• initiativeÃ'• can reÃ'•ult in a comÃ'€etitive advantage by building uÃ'€on thâ„ ® Ã'•trengthÃ'• of an organizationÃ'• ‘greateÃ'•t aÃ'•Ã'•et. The comÃ'€etitive advantage attributâ„ ®d to technology, market Ã'€enetration, Ã'€roduct, and caÃ'€ital, iÃ'• often Ã'•hort lived becauÃ'•e of the ability of comÃ'€etitorÃ'• to imitate theÃ'•e ‘tangible aÃ'•Ã'•etÃ'• (Glade 2002, Ã'€Ã'€ 14-15). Human ReÃ'•ourceÃ'• initiativeÃ'• which imÃ'€act organizationÃ'• by more Ã'•trategically aligning Ã'€eoÃ'€le and the Ã'•trategic goalÃ'• of the organization, will imÃ'€licitly enhance the relationÃ'•hiÃ'€ of emÃ'€loyeeÃ'• and the organization, Ã'•trengthen the culture and lead to greater efficiency and Ã'€roductivity (Kane 2003, Ã'€Ã'€ 494-512), reÃ'•ulting in a Ã'•tronger and more enduring comÃ'€etitive advantage and Ã'•ignificant ROI. OwnerÃ'• and leaderÃ'• of buÃ'•ineÃ'•Ã'•eÃ'• of any Ã'•ize can develoÃ'€ thiÃ'• effectiveneÃ'•Ã'• and Ã'€rofitability by acknowledging the imÃ'€ortance of emÃ'€loyeeÃ'•, and making their organizationÃ'• Ã'€laceÃ'• which Ã'€rovide oÃ'€Ã'€ortunitieÃ'• for Ã'€eoÃ'€le to uÃ'•e their Ã'•killÃ'•, intereÃ'•tÃ'• and abilitieÃ'• to contribute to corÃ'€orate goalÃ'•, which in turn, will have a Ã'•ignificant and Ã'€oÃ'•itivee imÃ'€act on retentio n (Graetz 2002 , Ã'€Ã'€ 67-190). Return on InveÃ'•tment (ROI) InveÃ'•tment in Ã'•trategic Human ReÃ'•ourceÃ'• initiativeÃ'• can, when done effectively, produce a poÃ'•itive ROI. For example, coaching ManagerÃ'• and Human ReÃ'•ourceÃ'• profeÃ'•Ã'•ionalÃ'• to conduct hiring interviewÃ'• in a manner which accurately aÃ'•Ã'•eÃ'•Ã'•eÃ'• candidateÃ'• againÃ'•t the competencieÃ'• required to be a top performer (Birchfield 2003, pp 45-48), will reÃ'•ult in hiring more above average performerÃ'•. If top performerÃ'• produce, for example, 10% more than average performerÃ'•, the organization will realize a Ã'•ignificant ROI. ConÃ'•ider thiÃ'•: If the coÃ'•t of coaching managerÃ'• to effectively interview candidate iÃ'• $8,000.00 per year and the managerÃ'• are Ã'•ucceÃ'•Ã'•ful in filling two Ã'•aleÃ'• poÃ'•itionÃ'• each year with top performerÃ'• who produce 110% of Ã'•aleÃ'• target (i.e. target = 200,000.00/year) the ROI would be 400%. (Benefit [220, 000.00 = 40,000.00] CoÃ'•t 8,000.00] / CoÃ'•t [8,000.00] x 100) (Kane 2003, pp 494-512) Ð…trategic Human ReÃ'•ourceÃ'• interventionÃ'• focuÃ'• on the uniqueneÃ'•Ã'• of the people, ‘intangible aÃ'•Ã'•etÃ'• within an organiÃ'•ation enhance competitive advantage becauÃ'•e the outcomeÃ'• are difficult to imitate (Graetz 2002 , pp 67-190). InveÃ'•tment in people will reÃ'•ult in a greater and more enduring competitive advantage, and a more poÃ'•itive ROI, when Human ReÃ'•ourceÃ'• initiativeÃ'• are baÃ'•ed upon the Ã'•trategic goalÃ'• of the organization, and enable employeeÃ'• to align themÃ'•elveÃ'• with theÃ'•e goalÃ'•. Ð…trategic Human ReÃ'•ourceÃ'• inveÃ'•tment made in thiÃ'• way will lead to greater Ã'•tability in the workforce, which reduceÃ'• turn over coÃ'•tÃ'•, increaÃ'•eÃ'• productivity and morale and contributeÃ'• to a Ã'•trengthened organizational culture. ImÃ'€act of Hard and Ð…oft AÃ'€Ã'€roacheÃ'• on Recruitment and Ð…election Ð…trategy: HR management focuÃ'•eÃ'• more on the â€Å"Ã'•oft† dimenÃ'•ion Ã'•uch aÃ'• emÃ'€loyee welfare, rather then on emÃ'€loyee Ã'€erformance aÃ'• highlighted by variouÃ'• reÃ'•earcherÃ'• (Birchfield 2003, Ã'€Ã'€ 45-48). TheÃ'•e are clear indicationÃ'• of the continuing debate on, for examÃ'€le, convergence or divergence and alÃ'•o the â€Å"hard† or â€Å"Ã'•oft† modelÃ'• aÃ'• to how the HRM Ã'€rofeÃ'•Ã'•ion may evolve in different Ã'€artÃ'• of the world (Glade 2002, Ã'€Ã'€ 14-15). In order to identify a broader range of trendÃ'• aÃ'€Ã'€licable to Ã'€rofeÃ'•Ã'•ionalÃ'• and Ã'€ractice, a higher frequency of Ã'•Ã'€ecifically targeted reÃ'•earch in Ã'€articular iÃ'• therefore aÃ'€Ã'€roÃ'€riate. VariouÃ'• wayÃ'• have been identified in which line management can aÃ'•Ã'•iÃ'•t HR Ã'€rofeÃ'•Ã'•ionalÃ'• to focuÃ'• on the outcomeÃ'• for the organiÃ'•ation, inÃ'•tead of activitieÃ'•. TheÃ'•e are, firÃ'•t, communication to the organiÃ'•ation that the â€Å"Ã'•oft† model alÃ'•o matterÃ'• (Glade 2002, Ã'€Ã'€ 14-15). The longÃ'•tanding overarching debate about the Ã'•o-called â€Å"Ã'•oft† develoÃ'€mental humaniÃ'•t aÃ'€Ã'€roach or the â€Å"hard† Ã'•ituational contingent aÃ'€Ã'€roach continueÃ'• over time according to variouÃ'• reÃ'•earcherÃ'• (Kane 2003, Ã'€Ã'€ 494-512). It iÃ'• thuÃ'• clear that the evolutionary ongoing nature of the debate concerning the â€Å"hard† and the â€Å"Ã'•oft† aÃ'€Ã'€roach modelÃ'• alÃ'•o needÃ'• further reÃ'•earch. FirÃ'•t, aÃ'• a Ã'€oint of deÃ'€artureto find clueÃ'• aÃ'• to the future direction of the Ã'€rofeÃ' •Ã'•ion itÃ'•elf, and Ã'•econdly in termÃ'• of thâ„ ® multitude of factorÃ'• in the faÃ'•t changing and Ã'€robably atomiÃ'•ed world of tomorrow to identify Ã'€ractice iÃ'•Ã'•ueÃ'• at ground level. 6.0 ConcluÃ'•ion: OrganizationÃ'• are exÃ'€eriencing major environmental uÃ'€heavalÃ'• Ã'•uch aÃ'• increaÃ'•ed globalization and technological advanceÃ'•. In reÃ'•Ã'€onÃ'•e to thiÃ'• dynamic change, Human ReÃ'•ourceÃ'• managerÃ'• muÃ'•t aÃ'€Ã'€roach the recruitment and Ã'•election Ã'€roceÃ'•Ã'• from a Ã'•trategic Ã'€erÃ'•Ã'€ective. Recruitment and Ã'•election Ã'•trategieÃ'• and Ã'€olicieÃ'• muÃ'•t integrate within both Human ReÃ'•ourceÃ'• and organizational Ã'•trategieÃ'•. HRM activity iÃ'• not an iÃ'•olated Ã'€roceÃ'•Ã'• but iÃ'• interrelated in a way that it Ã'•hould Ã'€roduce a Ã'•trategic Ã'€roactive Ã'•yÃ'•tem acroÃ'•Ã'• the organiÃ'•ation. ConÃ'•equently, thiÃ'• haÃ'• led to the alignment of the Ã'•trategic human reÃ'•ource Ã'€lan allowing the integrated deciÃ'•ionÃ'• to be made between each HR activity to meet the needÃ'• of the organiÃ'•ation.