Chemical Reactions Are Basis of Our Life Essay

Chemical reactions are the basis of life on earth. As human beings, we are little more than the naturally abundant elements of which we are composed and the reactions between the compounds that they form. After all, how could life exist without water? Oxygen transport in a body the size of the human body would be impossible without the aid of a complex like hemoglobin. Besides being the basis of many of life’s intangibles, chemistry also plays an active role in our daily lives. Take for instance everyday household cleaning. If you’re like me, you like to eat off of clean dishes, prepare food on a clean surface, and use clean restroom facilities. Taking the cleaning of any of these areas into your own hands requires a little chemical knowledge. Have you ever scrubbed away at some grease or oil that just won’t come out? That’s because we are used to most of the â€Å"gunk† that we clean up being a polar substance. Water is also a polar substance, and since like dissolves like, most polar substances dissolve easily in water. However, when we introduce water to big greasy hydrocarbon chains (usually called alkanes, or fats and oils as we know them), the water just slides right over them and our plate stays greasy. This is because fats, oils, and waxes are nonpolar substances. If instead of using water we used less polar mineral spirits (not recommended on food prep items), those greasy alkanes would be dissolved in no time. Solubility concerns are clearly at the forefront of chemistry in the home. For two substances to be soluble in one another, they must be composed of similar materials, as we saw in the case with water and other polar substances. The interaction between water and nonpolar substances in science is termed the â€Å"hydrophobic effect,† meaning literally â€Å"water fearing. † On a cellular level, there are many consequences of this effect, but the same is true in the macroscopic world. For instance, the â€Å"greasy† feeling your skin gets when it hasn’t been cleaned in some time is due to sebum, a hydrophobic substance your body secretes as a protecting layer. Interestingly, many people wash this layer off in the shower only to replace it with â€Å"skin moistening† lotions containing lanolin, which is nothing more than sheep sebum. Another solubility problem occurs when Coke is spilled on the floor, creating a sticky mess that doesn’t seem to clean up with any normal household cleaning agents. This is because one of the main ingredients in any soda is phosphoric acid, which is a sticky mess in and of itself, not to mention the sugars and other sticky components found in most sodas. Luckily, phosphoric acid dissolves easily in water, making water (and lots of it) typically the best way to clean up this sort of spill. Acid/base chemistry also finds its way into our everyday lives. For instance, have you ever touched your car battery only to find that seconds later, you are feeling a tingling or burning sensation? This is because the battery acid is performing a dehydration reaction on your skin. That is, water is being pulled from your tissue in a chemical reaction. Luckily, armed with your knowledge of acid/base chemistry, you quickly sprinkle some baking soda on the offending acid, neutralizing its harmful effects. Or perhaps you’ve eaten some particularly spicy food or just have a little acid reflux. It’s milk to the rescue in these cases. The slightly basic milk will neutralize the slightly acidic foods in no time. So before you shove those chemistry books into the attic to gather dust, before you decide that there’s just no application to a science so complex, think again. Chemistry permeates all of our daily lives whether we think about it every day or not. There is much more to chemistry than the biological reactions occurring inside of us. Chemistry is all around us.

Development from conception to age 16 years Essay

E1. 0-3 – Social and Emotional. Babies around the age of 0-3 will learn how to make eye contact, smile and laugh at others, this will get adults attention and start to form good bonds between the baby and mother. Within social development children learn to make friends and understand the importance of social development skills which will help them success in their personal and professional lives. Babies start to socialise and from bond attachments with people who they normally see the most such as their parents and other family members. Children start to understand all different kinds of social skills. For example, babies and young toddlers will learn to share and take turns during activities and normal everyday routines. Babies need a lot of stimulation in order for their brain to develop and to make opportunities to physically use their body. As babies gradually get older and get to the age of 2, you will realise that they start to change and feel a lot more emotions in themselves, such as temper tantrums. 0-3 – Language and Communication. Babies around the age of 0-3 will experience how to communicate well and understand how communication works. They will start to recognise people’s voices such as their parents and other family members. By being able to recognise their voices will help babies realise who they are and who they should turn to. As babies start growing up they can understand different words and sounds that come from their parents in order to start saying things themselves, such as ‘mama’ or ‘dada’. You will find that babies often talk to themselves but as a parent it may be difficult to try understand what they are saying or trying to say. E2. 3-7 – Social and Emotional. Children at the age of 3-7 will have much more of an understanding of their social and emotional development than when they were a baby. Children react differently and will have gained a lot more understanding of what social development is all about. For example children at this age will know a lot more about sharing and taking turns during activities. For example they will realise that sharing and taking turns is important as they will begin school and there will be many more children in which they will be involved in. Most children at this age enjoy playing and working with others but the very few may like to work and play on their own. Socialising is how children learn to relate to other people and follow what is normal in their society. E.g. Manners and toilet training. Children at this age range can have many mixtures of emotions. This aspect helps children how to learn to express their feelings and how to control and manage them. 3-7 – Language and Communication. During the age of 3-4 children are able to use language well and fairly grammatically although there will be some speech immaturity. Children at this age are able to form good sentences and start to ask question such as ‘why?’ and are able to understand what kind of answers adults feedback to them. At the age of 5-7 children are more likely to understand how to do things on their own. For example they can say their own name, how old they are and be able to recognise different information about themselves. At this age children will also have a good interest in reading and writing. This is important for children as it helps them benefit a lot with their language and communication. They are able to recognise and understand bigger words which they won’t have heard before. (Meggitt C (2006) Page what†¦ E3. Explain two theoretical perspectives relevant to the areas of development. Lev Vygotsky. – Vygotsky believed that children understand language and communication by having good interaction skills between themselves and other people. Vygotsky thought that by the age of 2-3 children should use language to control their behaviour and thoughts. This would explain their feelings by talking out loud. Vygotsky also believed that children develop different communication, expressions and explanation by children playing and interacting with other children either at home or in school. Therefore in schools he said that play was significant for learning and children should help each other through play, this will help children understand the importance of socialising. Children use facial expressions and body language in order to understand what has been said to them. Vygotsky suggested that thought and language began as two different activities. When a baby babbles the baby is not using babbling as a way of thinking, therefore the baby is learning to talk. Jerome Bruner. – Bruner believed that all children learn by having to make their own choices and having the change to have different opportunities in able for them to learn. Independence comes into this theory as independence is a massive impact on children as they should learn to do things for themselves instead of asking an adult. Bruner believed that children learn through different activities such as reading, writing and drawing. He felt that adults should guide and support children during activities like these so he or she could reach their potential. Adults guiding and supporting children is called â€Å"scaffolding†, which helps children to develop their knowledge and understanding. E4. Include three observations as appendices. E5. Written Narrative Observation – Narrative Observations is a lot of detailed information about what the child is doing and what you see. Time Sampling Observation – Observing what happens in a short period of time. Tick List Observation – A list of things an observer looks at when observing children. E6/C1. When you work in childcare settings you are always working with young children, their families and other professionals. You should know that confidentiality is a massive impact when working in childcare settings. Confidential information concerning children or their families should never be discussed with anyone, or written down anywhere as confidentiality is the right of every child and parent whether the information is spoken, written down or on a computer. When working on observations it is also important that you maintain confidentiality. When observing children it is important that you write down all correct information about the child and not write anything that is unnecessary. After observing children you should make sure that all information on observations should be stored away properly which means in a safe and secure place. This is so nobody is able to see what has been written down about the particular child except the person who is responsible for the child, for example the child’s name. It is also important that the name of the setting should stay confidentiality as it could be passed on to people who it may not concern. D1/D2. The observations I carried out showed that child A was confident as she showed she could play alongside her friends, by sharing and taking turns within playing with the babies. Child A was acting out different roles such as mum, dad, brothers and sisters and dressing up. Child A showed that she was being independent by different equipment herself which she needed. For example, she decided she wanted to feed her baby therefore she got out the feeding equipment herself and fed her baby independently. Child A showed that she was particularly interested in playing in the home corner as she stuck to this for a long period of time and didn’t change to a different activity. She showed love and affection to the baby treating it as a real human and looked after her. As child A was playing in the home corner she made sure she was including each of her friends by letting them join in with her and playing nicely. By playing in the home corner it supports children’s needs by helping them with their gross and fine motor skills, such as children will try out new thing containing gross and fine motor skills. B1. When you are working on observations it is important that you plan everything before you start the observation in order for you to look back on the planning and know what you are able to do, and follow everything when it comes to doing them. Talk about working alongside with other parents and professionals†¦ Make sure you are doing the correct observations†¦ Knowing if the observation has gone good or bad? Evaluate and reflect on them†¦ A. There are 4 key components of attachment which are Safe Haven, Secure Base, Proximity Maintenance and Separation Distress. John Bowlby used the word attachment so children could experience bonding with more than one person. He was one of the first people to recognise the needs of babies and young children and a strong relationship with their careers. Attachment is about parents being available to meet their child’s needs and being aware of security within their children. He said that bonds which are formed at a young age have a huge impact on children throughout their lives. Babies and young children who do not have bonds or find it difficult creating bond with other people may find it hard to form relationships in their later life, but he suggested that is was important for babies and young children to have some form of attachment or bond with their mother Mary Ainsworth also looked at attachment working alongside with John Bowlby. She is also a theorist who also looks at attachment in young children. Mary Ainsworth looked at how babies reacted when they were left with a complete stranger then being back with their parents again. This links in with behaviour attachment.

Application for a Master in Civil Engineering

My graduate received two internships for two weeks. The first internship took place at the Trident and Hyderabad Trident and hotels at Oberoi, where I worked on the design and implementation of the pile foundation and the pile load test. Therefore, I used the Kentlege method to learn the construction order of the boring position pile and the respective load test. My second internship took place at Indian airport authorities (Puducherry airport), I was actively involved in the partial implementation of the runway at 1,800 meters. My name is Abba Said. I am a civil engineer / project engineer. I learned civil engineering at Bauch State University (BASUG) in Canada. I graduated from grade 3. In 2011, I studied engineering project management for my master's degree at Coventry University. Being a civil engineer is not my first plan. I want to learn computer engineering. So I applied for computer engineering as the first and second choice of Ile-ife of Obaemi Awolowo University (OAU) in Ni geria. However, I did not satisfy their admission requirements, then changed my college to Bao Qi. Unfortunately, I missed Bauchi's ability test. Therefore, I decided to implement a one-year relief course at BASUG. When I officially enrolled in college, I had three choices. So I chose electrical engineering as my first choice, civil engineering as my second choice, civil engineering as my third choice. I am very pleased that I am studying civil engineering now. All civil engineers need to obtain a bachelor's degree in civil engineering (undergraduate degree). However, depending on the position, you may need a master's degree in engineering (master's degree). Civil engineers usually need years of experience to play a specific role in the design of construction projects at offices and on-site. The next step is to find a job of an engineering company that works for experts approved by the National Technical Association. If you like, you can maintain this level through your career. If y ou want a managerial position, you need to pursue more authoritative professional engineer qualifications. The first step is to take the basic engineering tests provided by NSPE. If you pass the exam, you are considered a training engineer.

Pros and Cons of Charter Schools Research Paper

Pros and Cons of Charter Schools - Research Paper Example A good way to obtain a good idea of a charter school is to consider its characteristics compared to the public school based on school size, grade-level configuration, student-to-teacher ratio, and student-to-computer ratio (Beryl et al.). In 1997 to 1998, the average size of charter school was 137 students and more than 400 for the public school in the same year (Feinberg 156). Though there is a significant increase in number, the same trend today is followed, by which charter schools have substantially small number of students and public schools have even more. Regarding the grade-level configuration, charter schools are given by the State laws the freedom to choose the grade structure and the age range of the students they will serve (RPP International 22). A certain study reveals that the student-to-ratio in low-performing charter schools is approximately 17 to 1, compared to approximately 15 to 1 in acceptable-performing charter schools (Burds 104). Intuitively, these ratios are lower compared to the prevailing ratios in comparable schools. There may be or no significant difference when it comes to student-to-computer ratio between charters schools and public schools, it is evident that students at charter schools are using computers extensively (Hill 16; RPP International 26). These characteristics are also significant indicators of learning. With this in mind for consideration, charter schools may be advantageous when it comes to learning compared to public schools because of the associated innovation in education. Aside from that, learning must be significantly of more interactive value in charter schools than in public schools because of the engagement of parents and teachers with the students’ actual academic performance. This will provide a more... This report stresses that one inherent manifestation of charter schools is their ability to allow teachers, parents and students to have strong involvement and participation together in order to ensure high rate of academic achievement and excellent academic performance. With this given information, one might consider that there are many things to be taken into account as great with charter schools. However, this does not mean that charter schools may not have some other important drawbacks. In order to make a clear justification of point regarding these two conflicting issues, the work at hand presents the pros and cons of charter schools and investigates if the former may have surpass the latter. This paper makes a conclusion that prior to the main objective of this paper, the need to consider the other sheer characteristics of a charter school is a better way to understand its advantages and probable linked disadvantages. A good way to obtain a good idea of a charter school is to consider its characteristics compared to the public school based on school size, grade-level configuration, student-to-teacher ratio, and student-to-computer ratio. Regarding the grade-level configuration, charter schools are given by the State laws the freedom to choose the grade structure and the age range of the students they will serve. Students in charter schools will have more exposure to modern information technology, which is evident in the student-to-computer ratio.

Annotated bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 8

Annotated Bibliography Example Recently, the US foreign policy has been geared at eliminating the proliferation of nuclear weapons and prevention of human rights violation by dictatorial regimes. This book provides a detailed review of American involvement in world politics including the historical developments in Middle East countries. The book dwells on the ongoing American intervention in Afghanistan and the political uprisings in Middle East where the US has backed the end of dictatorial regimes (Cox and Stokes 40). This book provides a chronology of post World War II US foreign policy. The book provides the democratic controls and sanctions that US has imposed on various countries that have ignored calls for human rights protection. The book reviews the changes of US foreign policy after the September 11th terrorism attacks (Dobson and Marsh 158). Hunt provides and excellent analysis of ideological principles of US foreign policy and the criticism of US involvement in the Middle East. According to Hunt, three factors that have shaped US foreign policy are the zeal to provide liberty abroad, the hostility towards historical revolutions and racial view of the world which perceives a battle between Anglo-Saxons and darker races (Hunt 256). This book provides the measures that the US government has taken in its approach towards global terrorism. The counterterrorism and foreign policies are geared at eliminating any deals between Americans and terrorists, bring the terrorist organizations to justice and imposing sanctions to countries that harbor and sponsor terrorists (Pillar 179). This book provides a review how the Vietnam War shaped the attitudes of American authorities towards its foreign policy. The book offers steps which were undertaken by both Carter and Clinton to restore a democratic foreign policy. The book provides for foreign policy actions that were undertaken to contain the growing Soviet Union power and communism in Middle East in

What do you think are some of the most important events of the 20th Assignment

What do you think are some of the most important events of the 20th century that have changed the shape of human development, and why - Assignment Example This later culminated to the development of Microsoft in the year 1996. Computer invention has played significant roles in the development of humans in a number of ways. Computers have facilitated information discovery and enhanced communication. The First World War took place between 1914 and 1918 while the Second World War took place between 1939 and 1945. These two wars presented the biggest military conflicts in the history of humans. Additionally, great military alliances involving different groups of countries were formed during this time. The First World War pitied the allied powers against the central powers. Apparently, the Allied powers include France, Britain, Japan and Russia while the central powers were Germany, turkey, Bulgaria and Austria-Hungary. Conversely, the Second World War was the most heinous given the genocide against the people of Jewish orientation orchestrated by the Nazis. These two wars provided perfect opportunities for humanity to invent and display their weapons. The Second World War will be specifically be remembered because of the atomic bomb Hiroshima atomic bomb dropped in Japan by the United States (United Nations / Development Pro, 1996, p. 31). Although there have been several inventions before, the invention of the internet has had the most significant revolutions in communication and information like never before. Apparently, the internet has provided widespread information infrastructure based on its initial prototype. Its contribution to human development transcends through all the sectors of the society. The internet provides communication throughout the society by making use of online computer tools for the electronic commerce accomplishment. It also contributes to acquisition of information and several other operations within the community (United Nations / Development Pro, 1996, p. 46). The atomic bomb was the product of the invention of Otto Frisch and Professor Rudolph Peierls from the University

Media Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Media Plan - Assignment Example A media objective states what the planner wishes to accomplish. It is usually specified in terms of the target audience, reach, and frequency. The target audience is often defined by demographics, product usage and psychographics. Reach refers to the unduplicated proportion of an audience that is exposed to a media schedule" (Advertising Media) "To establish optimum impact of your media plan through cost-value planning, you need to select media based on which outlets (stations, billboards, newspapers, etc.) Provide the greatest effectiveness". (Media Moves) Additionally, for an effective develop of Media Plan, there are three basic issue to be considered, namely; a public relation goal, that is to determining to you focus your effort and stay on track. Others include resource to explore and the timeline. Is to make provisions of increasing awareness about Neurological disease, a view to increase more awareness about it, and to state why there is need to re-launch Moribund Health Case Health Charity. It is also aim to create ways of encouraging the general public to participate more actively than hitherto, while to add that new membership is highly welcome, with stating of the importance of this charity act. Moreover, it is also aim to notify people that the disease is curable as long as people put hands on deck and ready to contribute in no small measure. Media Route: The media channels the ought to be explores in order to reach to the targets audiences should be through press releases, newspapers articles, Radio and television programs and jingle, including seminars and speaking engagement. Evaluation of the Campaign Additionally, we need to explore some channels through which we will ensure that this campaign is successful no matter the circumstances. We can make evaluation of it success through Additional Membership: When some individuals decided to join the crusade, and when after they join continue to participate actively, with due contributions toward the success of wiping away neurological condition entirely in UK Participation of the Media: This will also signifies it success, when media continue to propagate for more participation, including special programs that will encourage other individuals and group of individuals to join for the betterment of UK people. The Rates of Sufferers Decrease: One of the reasons of re-launching of Moribund is of the needs to reduce drastically the sufferers of neurological condition in UK, if not completely wipe away. Thus when assessment is made, and found that in few times to come the rates of the sufferers is reducing, it also serve as testimony of it success. Launching Campaign: There is a need to organize event where some sufferers will be invited and thus getting them introduce to people via television stations and tell people that the sufferers are also human being, and they have future hope. Therefore they needs other people support by joining the Charity movement and contribute immensely toward that. Promoting the re-launching needs media propagation, both television and radio by organizing special programs aiming to encourage viewers to sympathies and join the charity movement. There is also need to publish leaflet and

Selecting Media for Your Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Selecting Media for Your Organization - Essay Example The middle aged generation is lured to social media sites and that presented the venue of advertisement of the organization. In the organization, we embraced the use of the internet and television advertisements. It becomes easier to sell your name to a densely populated location. The best marketing strategies revolve around the internet. The internet is home to millions of people who opt for online shopping and bookings. With the organization’s target audience being middle aged and international tourists, it is an obvious assumption that they use the internet and television to get marketing information. Using the internet and television advertisements meets the needs of the audience in different ways. First the two Medias are very convenient and cheap. Additionally, the internet provides the audience to interact with the organization if any need arises. It gives the audience to place prior bookings at any time and place. Using the two Medias come with different challenges. First, online marketing should be first and brief so as to maintain the client’s patience. If a certain online advert is more than 3 clicks away, the client stands on high probability of abandoning the advert. Another challenge is that the lesser in society are not fully considered. In some instances, there are people who are not of any exposure to a computer or television set. Via the two media modes, the organization measures message exposure by internet hits and media impressions. For example, if a certain television channel may have 50.000 viewers at the time of the advertisement, then the organizations has made 50,000 impressions. The internet hit is an online mode of media impressions. The media plays a major role when choosing the best method f public relation messaging. According to Zarrella (2010), with the consideration of trends and the target audience, the media has a positive

Aviation Safety Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Aviation Safety Questions - Essay Example Of course the responsibility lies with the air carrier to safeguard their customers, their employees and provide them proper working environment in every possible way, but it is in their best interest as well so to say, as regards to business point of view, because statistics have shown that an aircraft accidents’ true cost in claims, lost employee time or use, and lost customers is 4 times the actual cost of the accident. For example, US Air estimates that the Pittsburgh accident’s actual cost was 30 to 40 Million dollars. This means that the accidents true cost is somewhere around 140 Million dollars. The FA act charges the FAA with the responsibility for promulgating and enforcing adequate standards and regulations (Alexander & Clarence, 2004). The main focal point of any Air Carrier Safety Program is the Safety Officer. Sometimes those that see the best are those that are not as close to the situation. To ensure safety, an outsider like safety officer is a very practical solution. FSDOs nationwide handle the dual function of safety inspection and advice for airline. Local FSDOs conducts several types of inspections on each airline’s maintenance and operations functions. If a certificate holder fails to comply, section 609 of the FA act specifies that the FAA may reexamine any certificate holder or appliance. Inspectors periodically conduct maintenance base inspections which focus on the record kept by an airline like airworthiness directives compliance, and conduct shop inspections to observe maintenance procedures and carry out ramp inspections to observe the airworthiness of the aircraft. A similar operations base inspection focuses on records concerning the hours of training and check rides given pilots and the rest periods between duty shifts given crews as required by regulations. En route inspections involve inspections of

Water Pump Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Water Pump - Lab Report Example The impeller was responsible for the accumulation of the pressure drop that led to the formation of the vapour bubbles, and the NPSH was greater than zero and was flow rate dependent. Water pumps are used in pumping of water from one point to another. This water can be pumped to residential areas or to farms in order to be used for irrigation. The most common the type of pump used is the centrifugal pump that utilizes the energy supplied by a motor in order to suck water through the impeller and then it discharges it through the exit. When doing so, the head is built in the pump in order to discharge the water to greater heights. This, which is build up, is due to the energy supplied by the motor. Here, H represents the pump head, is the head losses, which is attributed to the loss of energy in the walls of the pump, represents the pressure difference between the suction side and the discharge side andrepresents the velocities of the fluid at the suction and the discharge side of the pump. 1 1. To analyse the pump’s characteristic curves of the pump at varied constant speeds; the pump head; water horsepower; shaft horsepower; the pump efficiency; and the Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH). The system utilised in this experiment was an educational pump setup made by the Turbine Technologies. The flow rates were controlled by the pump speed, inlet valve setting, choice of impeller, and the outlet valve setting. The outlet and inlet valves also allowed the simulation of varied pressure conditions on the pump; this entailed the partially closing of the outlet valve creating similar effects to that of longer length or several turns of pipes on the pump outlet. The fluid reservoir was at lower elevation as compared to the pump; therefore, it meant that gravity could not feed the measured water into the pump, instead the sucked up the water, that is, also known as the negative pressure head. Since the suction

Exile and Suffering Essay Example for Free

Exile and Suffering Essay Early scholars of Anglo-Saxon literature believed that â€Å"The Seafarer† represented an early pagan poem that had been adapted for Christian audiences by the insertion of pious formulas throughout and a moral at the end; accordingly, these scholars expended considerable ingenuity in attempting to excise the Christian elements to discover the â€Å"real poem† hidden beneath these composite overlays. Pound’s famous translation, in line with this emphasis, systematically removes or downplays many explicitly Christian elements of the poem and stops before the overtly homiletic conclusion, which features some dozen direct references to God and the heavens in the last twenty-five lines. Now, however, critics seem generally to agree that the two halves of the poem are unified by a movement from earthly chaos to heavenly order and that its coherent thematic thrust is the Christian message that the afterlife is more important than life on Earth. The poem is frequently discussed in conjunction with â€Å"The Wanderer,† another Exeter Book poem that shares many themes and motifs with â€Å"The Seafarer,† including the structure in which a specific treatment of biographical subject matter—the plight of a wanderer or Seafarer—is followed by a more general homiletic section that draws a religious meaning from the earlier material. The sailor, as a man required traveling over a hostile and dangerous environment, had always seemed to Christian poets to be a naturally apt image of the believer’s life on Earth, which should be viewed as a hazardous journey to the true homeland of Heaven rather than as a destination to be valued in itself. In this poem, the speaker seems to be a religious man (or reformed sinner) who has chosen the seafaring life as much for its efficacy as a means of spiritual discipline as for any commercial gain to be derived from it. The original opposition in the poem between landsmen and Seafarers gives way to the insight that all men are, or ought to think of themselves as, Seafarers, in the sense that they are all exiles from their true home in Heaven. As lines 31-32 (previously quoted) establish, the land can be just as cold and forbidding as the sea, and the virtuous, at least, should hope that they will be sojourning in this harsh world for only a brief time. True Christian â€Å"Seafarers† must psychologically distance themselves from secular life, as the Seafarer of this poem has done both literally and figuratively. The poet appears to encapsulate his theme at the pivotal midpoint of the poem: â€Å"therefore the joys of the Lord seem warmer to me than this dead life, fleeting on land. † This recommended ascetic withdrawal from worldly interests should enable the Christian to properly reject the comforts of life on the land as transient and seek spiritual rather than physical comforts.

Richard Wilbur Boy at the window Essay Example for Free

Richard Wilbur Boy at the window Essay When one is considered naive, it has been thought to determine one as â€Å"having or showing a lack of experience, judgment, or information; credulous† (www. dictionary. com). In Richard Wilburs’ poem, Boy at the Window, Wilbur uses simple form language to paint the image of the boy staring out the window at the snowman. In the beginning of the poem, Wilbur reveals two characters, one a snowman and the other a young boy. Both characters in the poem seem to have a connection to each other, and may even consider themselves, friends. Perhaps the boy may have helped to build the snowman. One day during an incoming storm, the boy peers outside the window and appears to be frightened for the snowman because the snowman has no shelter from the storm â€Å"In dusk and cold is more than he can bear† (Clugston, 2010). The boy fears for the snowman’s life because the boy realizes the rain will melt the snowman away. However the snowman does not want to come inside the warm house with the boy for fear he will melt and die. In this case who is naive, the boy or the snowman? Beginning from the perspective of the boy staring out the window, it is obvious the boy feels helpless. The boy realizes that a storm is coming, â€Å"A night of gnashing and enormous moan†, (Clugston, 2010) which will eventually wash away the snowman. When the boy feels the snowman is going to die the boys emotions turns to one of hurt. The young boy does not understand that the snowman needs the cold to survive, even if it means death when it rains. The tone of the poem indicated that perhaps the boy feared what the outside world held for the snowman, and the storm intensified that. In one world, the inside, the boy felt â€Å"Such warmth, such light, such love, and so much fear† (Clugston, 2010). He wanted the snowman to experience the same warmth as he did because the boy took comfort in his surroundings and identified what made him feel safe in his eyes. On the other hand, perhaps the snowman felt sympathy for the young boy. From the outside, the snowman seems to understand how the boy is feeling. So the snowman sheds a tear for the boy because he understands the boy cares a lot about him, â€Å"He melts enough to drop from one soft eye A trickle of the purest rain, a tear†, (Clugston, 2010). Because the snowman does not have a fear of the rain, the snowman does not seem to understand that the storm will cause him to melt away, as he is quite comfortable with being outside in the cold. While the snowman looks quite comfortable outside, the snowman may not portray that feeling to the young boy looking at the snowman from his home. Overall, the theme of the play speaks volumes about being naive and misinterpretation of viewing another persons’ life and how they choose to live it. This point of view that Wilbur tried to relay to the reader allowed me to focus more so on the snowman and how he wanted to live than the boy. As human beings, one always wants to change what they believe to be wrong in society without asking the person(s) if they want the change. One should never determine how a person’s life should be lived based off of how they are living there own life. But this fact that we are not aware of certain systematically proceeding misinterpretations does not only shape the image of personality, as constituted in the naive and experience of everyday life, but also influences scientific thought, (Ichheiser, 1943). Both are considered to be inexperienced about the fundamentals of life and how they both lived. The boy took comfort in believing that if the snowman were rescued by bringing the snowman in the house, the snowman would be saved. The snowman believed that by staying outside, no harm would come to him and he was not alone or afraid of the incoming weather, because he had nothing to fear of living outside alone and in the dark. The boy and the snowman lived two diverse lives, one that could never be meshed together because of the scientific fact that one character lived a cold life and the other character lived a life in which there was warmth.

Bad Character Evidence Case Study

Bad Character Evidence Case Study The objective of this paper is to demonstrate what a bad character evidence(BCE) is and whether Liam Parrishs(LP) BCE of previous convictions should be admitted at trial. The definition and admissibility of BC is governed by the Criminal Justice Act 2003(CJA).[1] BC is determined as evidence of, or of a disposition towards misconduct or evidence of a tendency towards misconduct.[2] Misconduct is defined as the commission of the offence or other reprehensible behaviour.[3] LP is a non-defendant, this is vital as the admissibility of the BCE of non-defendants is governed by s.100.[4] When considering what is admissible the Court need to be aware of the danger of breaching the right to a fair trial.[5] Also, the Court is required to consider a non-exhaustive list of factors in assessing whether the character is of substantial importance.[6] Drug Possession The first issue is whether the offence of drug possession will be regarded as BCE and whether it should be admitted at trial. It is a vital element to the case as a whole since Adam Harris(AH) stated that LP was a drug dealer. This assertion was reinforced by Rose Matthewss who confirmed it in her statement as well. On the one hand, it can be argued that his conviction can be regarded as old since it was committed in 2008. As set out in s.100(3)(c)(ii) his drug conviction showed that LP was a drug dealer and this confirmed his alleged misconduct. Per Yaxley-Lennon[7] drug possession can be regarded as having substantial probative value in relation to his credibility, which is an important issue in the case. Also, the Court when assessing the probative value of evidence should take into consideration some relevant factors.[8] The older the incident, the less likely it is to show a propensity and therefore it will be inadmissible. On the contrary, the age of the conviction can illustrate how long LP has been dealing with drugs. Therefore, his conviction can be regarded of substantial importance to the context of the case as a whole. As drug dealers often find themselves surrounded by dangerous people. LP alleged that did not see who his attacker was, so its a possibility that he may be attacked by someone else rather than AH. Therefore, LP previous conviction of drug possession is more likely to be admissible as it has a substantial probative value in relation to something which is both a matter in issue in the proceedings and is of substantial importance in the context of the case as a whole.[9] Assault The second issue is whether LPs previous conviction for assault could be admitted. This is potentially formed part of the chain of past misconduct which might establish a propensity to commit similar offences. Therefore, propensity to commit this type of offence may be a matter in issue between prosecution and defence.[10] It could be admitted under s.100(1)(b) as it is a matter in issue and his propensity to be violent has a probative value. In Braithwaite[11] the Court held that BCE in relation to the witnesses was relevant both to their propensity to act aggressively and to their credibility.[12] So, in this case, LPs assault conviction may show a propensity to act aggressively as well. Thus, it would be a matter in issue to establish whether AHs statements were true. There are similarities between AHs statements (when he stated in the police interview that LP tried to hurt Rose) and the conviction itself. This could be regarded as very important as to a matter in issue with substantial probative value that LP has a propensity to be violent. Moreover, the fact that the conviction is recent makes it more likely to be admissible.[13] Credibility The propensity to untruthfulness may be a matter in issue between the prosecution and the defendant.[14] Credibility will always be an issue to some extent in any prosecution.[15] In the case ofGoddard[16] was established that only convictions of probative value and of substantial importance could be admitted. As shown by the facts, LP had pleaded not guilty unsuccessfully to be acting in self-defence to an unprovoked attack. However, his argument was dismissed by the Court and it was found that LP had started the fight. Furthermore, he lied under oath for an alibi in his third conviction. Therefore, LP previous convictions can be admitted as evidence to show his propensity for untruthfulness and thus his credibility.[17] Credibility is an issue of substantial importance and what sort of convictions are capable of affecting credibility can be found under s.100. In Andrew[18] the Court held that under s.100(1)(b)(i) creditworthiness of a witness is an important matter in issue.[19] The test of creditworthiness being a matter in issue with substantial importance to the case illustrated in the leading case of Brewster.[20] Pitchford LJ set out a two-stage test. Firstly, if it is shown that creditworthiness is an issue of substantial importance. The second question is whether the BC relied upon is of substantial probative value in relation to that issue.[21] The test for whether previous convictions have probative value on the issue of creditworthiness will depend on the number, nature and age of the convictions.[22] Applying this principle to LPs creditworthiness, the conviction of preventing the course of justice and the fact that he pleaded not guilty should be admitted since is an issue of substantial importance. The convictions were relevant to credibility in the wider sense that they would affect a fair-minded jurys assessment of the standing of the witness.[23] Conclusion Since LP is deceased, to examine his character the jury should be entitled to looked LPs convictions as cumulatively to get a more complete picture of LPs character.[24] The strongest argument is the intervening of justice conviction for two reasons. It is a recent conviction and it has direct effect on LP creditworthiness. The weakest point is LPs drug conviction as it is from 2008. However, it was illustrated that it can be argued to show how long LP has been dealing with drugs. Bibliography Primary Sources Table of cases R v Andrew S [2006] EWCA Crim 1303 R v Anthony Weir Others [2005] EWCA Crim 2886 R v Brewster Cromwell [2010] 2 Cr App R 20 R v Campbell[2007] 1 WLR 2798 Regina v Leigh Goddard [2007] EWCA Crim 3134 Table of Legislation: UK Criminal Justice Act 2003 Table of Legislation: EU European Convention on Human Rights 1950 Secondary Sources Books Durston G., Evidence (2nd edn, Oxford University Press 2011) Glover R and Murphy P., Murphy On Evidence (14th edn, Oxford University Press 2015) Munday R., Evidence (8th edn, Oxford University Press 2015) Journal Articles Blair S., Criminal Procedure [2016] SHRJ 72 [1] Criminal Justice Act 2003. [2] Ibid, s.98. [3] Ibid, s.112 (1). [4] Ibid, s.100. [5] European Convention on Human Rights 1950, Article 6. [6] Ibid, s.100 (3). [7] R v Anthony Weir Others [2005] EWCA Crim 2886. [8] Criminal Justice Act 2003, s.100 (3) (b). [9] Criminal Justice Act 2003, s.100 (1) (b). [10] Criminal Justice Act 2003, s.103 (1) (a). [11] R v Braithwaite [2010] EWCA Crim 1082. [12] Ibid, [13] (Lord Justice Hughes). [13] Criminal Justice Act 2003 s.100(3). [14] Ibid, s.101 (1) (d). [15] R v Campbell [2007] 1 WLR 2798. [16] Regina v Leigh Goddard [2007] EWCA Crim 3134, [13] (Lord Justice Gage). [17] Gregory Durston, Evidence (2nd edn, Oxford University Press 2011) 179. [18] R v Andrew S [2006] EWCA Crim 1303. [19] Ibid, [7] (Lord Justice Laws). [20] R v Brewster Cromwell [2010] 2 Cr App R 20. [21] Ibid, [23] (Lord Justice Pitchford). [22] Criminal Justice Act 2003 s.100 (3). [23] R v Brewster Cromwell [2010] 2 Cr App R 20, [24]. [24] Scott Blair, Criminal Procedure [2016] SHRJ 72, 6.

Literature Supports Trigger-Dispersion Theory :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Literature Supports Trigger-Dispersion Theory Having seen epileptic seizures and talking qualitatively about the experience with people who have epilepsy, I made five basic hypotheses about epilepsy. I collectively call these hypotheses my trigger dispersion theory of epilepsy. My five hypotheses are: 1 There is an area in the brain where abnormal firing associated with seizures begins. I will call this area the trigger area. From the trigger area, abnormal firing spreads to other areas of the brain compromising the function of the affected area. 2 There is a stimulus either external or internal which excites the trigger area. I will call this stimulus the trigger. The trigger can be very specific. 3 The first area affected after the trigger area is sensory. 4 The abnormal firing spreads from the sensory area to an area for motor control. In this paper, I will go through the hypotheses of the trigger-dispersion theory and discuss literature that supports each hypothesis. Hypothesis 1- There is an area in the brain where abnormal firing associated with seizures begins. I will call this area the trigger area. From the trigger area, abnormal firing spreads to other areas of the brain compromising the function of the affected area. During a seizure, certain cells (a seizure focus) begin to fire rapidly. In fact, nerve cells in the brain fire electrical impulses at a rate of up to four times higher than normal during a seizure (5) . This abnormal firing is spread this to other neighboring cells. In the brain of an epileptic, there is not enough inhibitory neurotransmitters to stop the spread of the abnormal firing (2) . In the 1800s, it was noted by Jackson that epileptic seizures begin in isolated parts of the body such as the thumb and from there spread to neighboring regions perhaps the arm and then to the rest of the body. He hypothesized that there were areas in cerebral cortex that controlled isolated movements and that the areas that were adjacent in the brain were anatomically adjacent as well. Therefore, a seizure began in one area and spread to the rest of the cortex. His hypothesis was later substantiated by Fritsch and Hittig's excitation experiments on motor cortex or area 4. It is a band of neural tissue on the cerebral cortex lying on precentral fissure. The body's movements are mapped out on this band giving rise to the spreading fashion that Jackson described during seizures (6) .

Comparing Theories of Language Acquisition and Language Development Ess

The aim of this essay is to explore language acquisition and compare and contrast different theories of language acquisition and language development. Language in its most basic form is used to communicate our needs and wants. It encompasses a range of modes of delivery including signing, spoken and written words, posture, eye contact, facial expressions and gestures. So how do we learn ‘language’? Are we born with the skills for communication, or is it something that we have to learn or have taught to us? Four theories are looked at in this essay to determine how children acquire and then develop language. These theories include behaviourist, nativist, cognitivist and sociocultural. This essay will highlight some similarities and differences in each theory and what impact these have on a child’s acquisition and development of language. Lastly we will look at the implications of these theories when working with children. Can a classroom teacher deliver a quality l iteracy program based on just one of these theories or does it need to incorporate components of all four? Sims, (2012) pp. 21 states ‘’High-quality learning experiences in the early years of life enhance children’s cognitive and language skills’’. This places a great responsibility on educators and teachers alike to provide an environment which is rich in learning opportunities that will encourage both the acquisition and development of language. Language acquisition is perhaps one of the most debated issues of human development. Various theories and approaches have emerged over the years to study and analyse this developmental process. One factor contributing to the differing theories is the debate between nature v’s nurture. A question commonly asked is: Do humans a... ...conditioning.html Sims, M. & Hutchins, T. (2011). Program planning for infants and toddlers: In search of relationships. Sydney: Pademelon Press. Slavin, L. (2010). Theory on Cooperative Learning. Retrieved from http://books.google.com.au/books?hl=en&lr=&id=oE-3bZik8rQC&oi=fnd&pg=PA160&dq=slavin+2010+theory+on+cooperative+learning&ots=K_fTJis6u7&sig=O6SN6RtlnBSjSt-VP8lFzxIN944#v=onepage&q&f=false Stocia, D. (2008). Vygotsky’s Theory of Cognitive Development [Online presentation]. Retrieved from http://www.slideshare.net/dtr200x/vygotskys-theory-of-cognitive-development-presentation Vukelich, C, Christie, J & Enz, B 2002, Helping Young Children Learn Language and Literacy, Allyn & Bacon, Bosten MA. Wadsworth, B. (1978). J. Piaget for the Classroom Teacher. NY, Longman Wilhelm, J., Baker, T., & Dube, J. (2001). Strategic Reading. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann

Nondiegetic Music Of The Doors In The Scene Waiting In Saigon Essay

Nondiegetic music of the Doors in the scene waiting in Saigon Sound plays a significant part in all movies and one of the most interesting of all the sound techniques would be the use of nondiegetic music. In the movie Apocalypse Now, there is a double disc soundtrack with thirty tracks on it. The one song on there that has the most meaning would The Doors song â€Å"The End†. This song not only set the mood for the scene waiting in Saigon and the move as a whole but is also used to foreshadow the death of Coronal Kurtis. Mr. Coppola, the director of the film, was a genius for picking this song to represent the movie. It not only fits the movie with the sounds of helicopter but the words alone have significant meaning to the movie. Along with it serving as a premise for the movie, Mr. Coppola plays with the viewer’s perception of diegetic sounds and nondiegetic music. The scene as a whole is a montage of overlapping dissolve sequence. It is set in Saigon but is more of a delusional state of mind of Willard, the main character. We get a sense of the upcoming climatic part of the movie through the visions and music of the scene. The opening scene starts out with a diegetic sound of a helicopter passing in front of a jungle. We get the sense that the helicopter sounds that we will be hearing are going to be diegetic until Mr. Coppola brings in The Doors song â€Å"The End†. Which brings the sounds of the helicopter into the music. He uses the helicopter as a set up for the music ensemble that is forth coming. As the electric guitar starts to play a psychedelic tune with the sounds of the synthesized helicopter, you feel like you’re in a somewhat delusional state of mind. As if your mind is being carried away by the music to a dreamlike place. The dirt in the scene is doing some mysterious dance to the beat making the jungle in the backg round seem somewhat fuzzy and dreamlike. The first minute of the song is used to set the viewers for the montages sequence that is coming up next in the scene. Its purpose is to make us feel delusional and somewhat drugged. The guitar solo and synthesized helicopter sounds then leads us into the world and mind of the main character, captain Willard. As the sequence moves along you hear the voice of Jim Morrison sing, â€Å" This is the end Beautiful friend This is the end My only friend, the end,† to the flaming sights of war are seen at th... ...es start off with the digetic sound of a helicopter, which is then used to lead into the nondiegetic sound of a synthesized helicopter within the song. As the scene moves along about two minutes into the scene we come to see the blades of a ceiling fan whirling around. This is where the helicopter sounds in the music change back into the diegetic sound of the whirling ceiling fan blades. The second motif is that the song reoccurs again about two hours into the movie. This is the scene where Willard is killing Kurtz and the caribou is being sacrificed. Which goes back to the function of the song in the beginning, which was to foreshadow the death or â€Å"The End† of Kurtz death. Thus the nondiegetic use of music is indeed a very useful technique in the scene waiting in Saigon. The Doors song, â€Å"The End,† not only is used to foreshow what is going to happen at the end of the movie but is also used to set the mood of the movie. Along with setting the mood, Mr. Coppola plays with the use of diegetic music turning it into nondiegetic music. These are all key functions for using a song in a movie and Mr. Coppola is a genius for choosing â€Å"The End† to play a significant part in Apocalypse Now. Nondiegetic Music Of The Doors In The Scene Waiting In Saigon Essay Nondiegetic music of the Doors in the scene waiting in Saigon Sound plays a significant part in all movies and one of the most interesting of all the sound techniques would be the use of nondiegetic music. In the movie Apocalypse Now, there is a double disc soundtrack with thirty tracks on it. The one song on there that has the most meaning would The Doors song â€Å"The End†. This song not only set the mood for the scene waiting in Saigon and the move as a whole but is also used to foreshadow the death of Coronal Kurtis. Mr. Coppola, the director of the film, was a genius for picking this song to represent the movie. It not only fits the movie with the sounds of helicopter but the words alone have significant meaning to the movie. Along with it serving as a premise for the movie, Mr. Coppola plays with the viewer’s perception of diegetic sounds and nondiegetic music. The scene as a whole is a montage of overlapping dissolve sequence. It is set in Saigon but is more of a delusional state of mind of Willard, the main character. We get a sense of the upcoming climatic part of the movie through the visions and music of the scene. The opening scene starts out with a diegetic sound of a helicopter passing in front of a jungle. We get the sense that the helicopter sounds that we will be hearing are going to be diegetic until Mr. Coppola brings in The Doors song â€Å"The End†. Which brings the sounds of the helicopter into the music. He uses the helicopter as a set up for the music ensemble that is forth coming. As the electric guitar starts to play a psychedelic tune with the sounds of the synthesized helicopter, you feel like you’re in a somewhat delusional state of mind. As if your mind is being carried away by the music to a dreamlike place. The dirt in the scene is doing some mysterious dance to the beat making the jungle in the backg round seem somewhat fuzzy and dreamlike. The first minute of the song is used to set the viewers for the montages sequence that is coming up next in the scene. Its purpose is to make us feel delusional and somewhat drugged. The guitar solo and synthesized helicopter sounds then leads us into the world and mind of the main character, captain Willard. As the sequence moves along you hear the voice of Jim Morrison sing, â€Å" This is the end Beautiful friend This is the end My only friend, the end,† to the flaming sights of war are seen at th... ...es start off with the digetic sound of a helicopter, which is then used to lead into the nondiegetic sound of a synthesized helicopter within the song. As the scene moves along about two minutes into the scene we come to see the blades of a ceiling fan whirling around. This is where the helicopter sounds in the music change back into the diegetic sound of the whirling ceiling fan blades. The second motif is that the song reoccurs again about two hours into the movie. This is the scene where Willard is killing Kurtz and the caribou is being sacrificed. Which goes back to the function of the song in the beginning, which was to foreshadow the death or â€Å"The End† of Kurtz death. Thus the nondiegetic use of music is indeed a very useful technique in the scene waiting in Saigon. The Doors song, â€Å"The End,† not only is used to foreshow what is going to happen at the end of the movie but is also used to set the mood of the movie. Along with setting the mood, Mr. Coppola plays with the use of diegetic music turning it into nondiegetic music. These are all key functions for using a song in a movie and Mr. Coppola is a genius for choosing â€Å"The End† to play a significant part in Apocalypse Now.

Pepsi America Case Study Essay

1. The following listed factors made PepsiAmericas to adopt a more aggressive attitude towards the utilization of transaction data to run the business. * Growth in product variety from 35-40 to nearly 400, * Lowering of PAS profit margins, * Recession in U.S economy, * Decline of U.S market for carbonated soft drinks, * National Clients like CVS, Wal-Mart and Mobil Gas Stations preference of highly centralized procurement arrangements, * Hard to track product flow on various process like distribution, sales, raw materials and so on. PepsiAmericas Before Its Investment in BI| PepsiAmericas After Its Investment in BI| Operations: 1. Manual and much of human efforts. 2. Operation like supply was time consuming and hard to perform. 3. Operation like supply was not meeting the requirement or was over.| Operations: 1. Automatic Operations were performed that reduced time and effort. 2. IT tool like SCM helped to meet customer requirement. 3. Tools like MM helped to manage material flow along with supply.| Management and Control: 1. Process and manpower management was tough due to large in quantity. 2. Distributors were unable to fetch retailers’ requirement. 3. Material cost  was high and profit margin was going down. 4. PAS was unable to communicate with its business processes as a platform.| Management and Control: 1. ERP helped to bring all the business processes under one umbrella. 2. ERM helped to manage employee resource. 3. Tool like CRM helped to get customer information and satisfaction. 4. SDM helped to management sales and distribution based real time need data.| Planning, Corporate Learning, and Innovation: 1. Supply used to be based on distributors’ past flow. 2. System planning was made by senior managers without the use of IT tools. 3. Had lots of challenge in business.| Planning, Corporate Learning, and Innovation: 1. Use of SCM, helped to lower down the distribution cost. 2. The ERP use reduced the raw material cost. 3. Profit margin became high.| 4. The role of Decision Support Systems (DSS) on enabling the success of PepsiAmericas can be * Supported in business and organizational decision-making activities. * Helped to compile useful information form raw data, documents, personal knowledge and business models. * Made automated decision processes possible. * Quick respond based on real time. * Task oriented service. * Avoided mistakes and maintained Customer Relationship. Listed are the benefits features of DSS enhanced management and control based on long-term strategic planning within the firm. * Back-end-transaction system with real-time data will tune up the business for long term. * Contribution on the continuous improvement of ongoing firm business processes and services. * Knowledge in CRM, SCM, and data-driven decision making. * Continuous data mining within the business.

Mystery of Love

When somebody talks about love, commonly, all human beings can relate and respond. We all know that love purely exist, so as Its mystery is still present. We know what love is, but we in our self cannot define It. Many have tried to give the meaning of love, but no one can provide the true definition of the word that Is always present everywhere yet remains as an undefined word to anyone. They say that love Is essential to people, we can acquire and give love to others.Being In love Is a magical leaning that everybody would want to have. Love Is so priceless, that even the riches person In the world cannot buy. Money can't buy love, but loves worth Is greater than money. For me, when you love someone, you must show to that person how much you care, trust and understand him. Love Is between Individuals, not only for one self. It Is not selfish, you must be willing to share love to others. Love Is not about the physical appearance, this is the reason why we can't see love, we can only feel it.We don't love just because of beauty, there is a more enough reason why we love someone. We can't explain how enchanted it is to be caught by love, we only know that the feeling is extraordinary. We must never find a reason in loving someone, for its clear that love haven't got a constant meaning so as it doesn't have a distinct reason. I believe that in love, there are no wrong decisions, there only exist wrong persons. We must never regret if someone leave or hurt us, it is just an eye opener hat the person we loved is not the right one for us.There is always a right person that is suited for us, we must learn to wait and not to rush things. We can define love on our own interpretation, that is why is so magical. The mystery of love is not yet unfolded, it continuously retains intriguing. Four lettered words with lots of different meaning and interpretation that varies on each individual. Love is everywhere around us, we must learn to wait until love found and catch us lik e there is no more escaping.

Bpr Business Process Reenigneering

CONTENTS Topics| Page No. | Introduction| 4| Overview| 5| History| 6| BPR Methodology| 7| Advantages and disadvantages of BPR| 9| Case study- I| 11| Case study- II| 13| Conclusion| 24| References| 24| 1. INTRODUCTION Business process re-engineering  is a  business management strategy, originally pioneered in the early 1990s, focusing on the analysis and design of workflows and processes within an organization. BPR aimed to help  organizations  fundamentally rethink how they do their work in order to dramatically improve  customer service, cut  operational costs, and become world-class  competitors.In the mid-1990s, as many as 60% of the Fortune  companies claimed to either have initiated reengineering efforts, or to have plans to do so. BPR seeks to help companies radically restructure their organizations by focusing on the ground-up design of their business processes. According to Davenport (1990) a business process is a set of logically related tasks performed to ac hieve a defined business outcome. Re-engineering emphasized a  holistic  focus on business objectives and how processes related to them, encouraging full-scale recreation of processes rather than iterative optimization of sub processes.Business process re-engineering is also known as business process redesign, business transformation, or business process change management. Fig 1 2. OVERVIEW Business process re-engineering (BPR) began as a private sector technique to help organizations fundamentally rethink how they do their work in order to dramatically improve customer service, cut operational costs, and become world-class competitors. A key stimulus for re-engineering has been the continuing development and deployment of sophisticated information systems and networks.Leading organizations are becoming bolder in using this technology to support innovative business processes, rather than refining current ways of doing work. Reengineering guidance and relationship of Mission and Work Processes to Information Technology. Business Process Re-engineering (BPR) is basically rethinking and radically redesigning an organization's existing resources. BPR, however, is more than just business improvising; it is an approach for redesigning the way work is done to better support the organization's mission and reduce costs.Reengineering starts with a high-level assessment of the organization's mission, strategic goals, and customer needs. Basic questions are asked, such as â€Å"Does our mission need to be redefined? Are our strategic goals aligned with our mission? Who are our customers? † An organization may find that it is operating on questionable assumptions, particularly in terms of the wants and needs of its customers. Only after the organization rethinks what it should be doing, does it go on to decide how best to do it.Within the framework of this basic assessment of mission and goals, re-engineering focuses on the organization's business processes†”the steps and procedures that govern how resources are used to create products and services that meet the needs of particular customers or markets. As a structured ordering of work steps across time and place, a business process can be decomposed into specific activities, measured, modeled, and improved.It can also be completely redesigned or eliminated altogether. Re-engineering identifies, analyzes, and re-designs an organization's core business processes with the aim of achieving dramatic improvements in critical performance measures, such as cost, quality, service, and speed. Re-engineering recognizes that an organization's business processes are usually fragmented into sub processes and tasks that are carried out by several specialized functional areas within the organization.Often, no one is responsible for the overall performance of the entire process. Re-engineering maintains that optimizing the performance of sub processes can result in some benefits, but cannot yield dr amatic improvements if the process itself is fundamentally inefficient and outmoded. For that reason, re-engineering focuses on re-designing the process as a whole in order to achieve the greatest possible benefits to the organization and their customers.This drive for realizing dramatic improvements by fundamentally re-thinking how the organization's work should be done distinguishes re-engineering from process improvement efforts that focus on functional or incremental improvement. 3. HISTORY In 1990, Michael Hammer, a former professor of computer science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), published an article in the Harvard Business Review, in which he claimed that the major challenge for managers is to obliterate forms of work that do not add value, rather than using technology for automating it.This statement implicitly accused managers of having focused on the wrong issues, namely that technology in general, and more specifically information technology, has be en used primarily for automating existing processes rather than using it as an enabler for making non-value adding work obsolete. Hammer's claim was simple: Most of the work being done does not add any value for customers, and this work should be removed, not accelerated through automation. Instead, companies should reconsider their processes in order to maximize customer value, while minimizing the consumption of resources required for delivering their product or service.A similar idea was advocated by Thomas H. Davenport and J. Short in 1990, at that time a member of the Ernst & Young research center, in a paper published in the Sloan Management Review This idea, to unbiased review a company’s business processes, was rapidly adopted by a huge number of firms, which were striving for renewed competitiveness, which they had lost due to the market entrance of foreign competitors, their inability to satisfy customer needs, and their insufficient cost structure.Even well-establi shed management thinkers, such as Peter Drucker and Tom Peters, were accepting and advocating BPR as a new tool for (re-)achieving success in a dynamic world. During the following years, a fast growing number of publications, books as well as journal articles, were dedicated to BPR, and many consulting firms embarked on this trend and developed BPR methods. However, the critics were fast to claim that BPR was a way to dehumanize the work place, increase managerial control, and to justify downsizing, i. e. major reductions of the ork force, and a rebirth of Taylorism under a different label. Despite this critique, reengineering was adopted at an accelerating pace and by 1993, as many as 60% of the Fortune 500 companies claimed to either have initiated reengineering efforts, or to have plans to do so. This trend was fueled by the fast adoption of BPR by the consulting industry, but also by the study Made in America, conducted by MIT, that showed how companies in many US industries had lagged behind their foreign counterparts in terms of competitiveness, time-to-market and productivity.Development after 1995 With the publication of critiques in 1995 and 1996 by some of the early BPR proponents, coupled with abuses and misuses of the concept by others, the reengineering fervor in the U. S. began to wane. Since then, considering business processes as a starting point for business analysis and redesign has become a widely accepted approach and is a standard part of the change methodology portfolio, but is typically performed in a less radical way as originally proposed.More recently, the concept of Business Process Management (BPM) has gained major attention in the corporate world and can be considered as a successor to the BPR wave of the 1990s, as it is evenly driven by a striving for process efficiency supported by information technology. Equivalently to the critique brought forward against BPR, BPM is now accused of focusing on technology and disregarding the pe ople aspects of change. 4. BPR METHODOLOGY BPR methodology is a structured sequence of activities that constitutes the typical BPR project. BPR refers to a re-design of business processes by using IT.Its methodology is to give a guideline or progress of how the business process to be re-designed. There are number of methodologies for an organization to practice. According to S. Muthu, L. Whitman and S. Hossein Cherahhi , there are 5 examples of BPR methodologies. To be simple, a consolidated methodology has been developed from those 5 methodologies. That is similar to the 5 phases mentioned in class: visioning, mobilization, process redesign, implementation and monitoring & maintaining. Fig 2 Phase 1: Triggering & Execution VisioningThis phase is to design the visions and directions that a company should go with in order to improve efficiency of the targeted business processes and customer satisfaction. In this stage, the organization should identify the reengineering opportunities, enabling technologies and direct impact on customers. Phase 2: Mobilization In this phase, a reengineering team should be formed. The team should outline the performance goals, BPR plan and budget. Processes to be redesigned should be selected. IT people are involved to make assessment on IT infrastructure and provide information for better business process redesign.Phase 3: Process Redesign This stage is to analyze and compare AS-IS processes and TO-BE processes. After identifying the potential improvements of the existing processes, modeling methods can be used to develop the TO-BE models. Integration can be done afterwards. Phase 4: Implementation Training programs are initiated in this stage to provide the skills of fitting the TO-BE processes. IT infrastructure and the organization are also need to be adjusted to fit the TO-BE processes. Phase 5: Monitoring and MaintainingThe new processes should be monitored and modified on a continuous basis, especially the progress of actio n and the results. To carry out a good BPR methodology, organizations are recommended to consider each phase carefully. Each phase should be comprehensive enough for execution to drive for a success in achieving the organization’s vision and strategy. Business Process Reengineering Principles * Organize around outcomes, not tasks . * Have those who use the output of the process perform the process. Subsume information-processing work into the real work that produces the information. * Treat geographically dispersed resources as though they were centralized. * Link parallel activities instead of integrating their results. * Put decision points where the work is performed and build controls into the process. * Capture information once and at the source. 5. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF BPR Business process reengineering (BPR) is a program that systemically breaks down the process a business uses and starts over with new, more efficient methods — basically a redesign o r a reboot.A business process is a collection of procedures, steps or activities the business uses to get the product from development to the customer. Businesses use BPR for various reasons, including cutting costs and improving overall production. Nevertheless, BPR also has its drawbacks. * Identifies Waste and Encourages Ideas The aim of BPR is to help businesses pinpoint obsolete steps, items or workers in a business process. For example, if four workers perform a task, the business may discover only two workers can get the job done during reengineering. BPR encourages employee input and participation.The workers who have familiarity with the processes under study can point out flaws and voice ideas for improvement. * Requires Investment and the Right Business Types BPR typically requires an investment, particularly in technology. Outdated methods, such as doing a task by hand, face replacement by computer programs. The programs improve efficiency and reduce errors, but the comp any must invest in the software and training, a costly option for companies looking to cut expenses immediately. Not all business types benefit from BPR. For example, a manufacturing company may not have the option of edesigning processes without sacrificing safety or product quality. * Cuts Costs and Improves Functionality Removing unnecessary steps cuts down on time and confusion among workers. Assigning tasks that multiple workers would typically handle to one worker gives customers a clear point of contact for help or service. Even by investing more money in technology at the start, companies typically save money over time with the redesigned methods. For example, improving or updating electronic components incurs an up-front cost, but saves money over time by eliminating errors due to outdated components. Lowers Worker Morale Some workers may not adapt to the BPR changes, and those assigned new responsibilities can become overwhelmed. Other workers become obsolete if their prim ary function is eliminated as part of a process overhaul. Management must provide support and guidance during BPR. Failure of the management team to assist workers and set an example during the BPR process may lead to failure, disorganization and staff problems. RISKS IN BPR * Advocates report failure rates of 50% to 70% * Sutcliffe [1999] reviewed difficulties * Employee resistance to change * Inadequate attention to employee concerns Inappropriate staffing * Inadequate tools * Mismatch of strategies & goals * Lack of oversight * Failure of leadership commitment 6. CASE STUDY- II Mahindra & Mahindra: Implementing BPR Abstract: The case examines the reasons behind automobile major Mahindra & Mahindra's decision to implement a Business Process Reengineering (BPR) program. The case explores in detail the implementation procedure at the company and the benefits that accrued from the BPR program. In addition, the case discusses the concept of BPR, its benefits, and the steps that need t o be taken to ensure the success of such initiatives.Issues: Examine the benefits that a BPR program can offer to an organization when it is effectively implemented M;M's Problem Plants In the mid-1990s, India's largest multi utility vehicle (MUV) and tractor manufacturer M;M was facing serious problems at its Igatpuri and Kandivili plants in Maharashtra. The plants were suffering from manufacturing inefficiencies, poor productivity, long production cycle, and sub-optimal output. The reason: highly under-productive, militantly unionized, and bloated workforces.The company had over the years been rather lenient towards running the plants and had frequently crumbled under the pressure of union demands. The work culture was also reportedly very unhealthy and corruption was widespread in various departments. Alarmed at the plant's dismal condition, Chairman Keshub Mahindra tried to address the problem by sacking people who allegedly indulged in corrupt practices. M&M also tried to imple ment various voluntary retirement schemes (VRS), but the unions refused to cooperate and the company was unable to reduce the labor force.During this period, M&M was in the process of considering the implementation of a Business Process Reengineering (BPR) program throughout the organization including the manufacturing units. Because of the problems at the Igatpuri and Kandivili plants, M&M decided to implement the program speedily at its manufacturing units. The program, developed with the help of the UK-based Lucas Engineering Systems, was first implemented on an experimental basis at the engine plant in Igatpuri. Simultaneously, an exercise was initiated to assess the potential benefits of implementing BPR and its effect on the unions.M&M's management was not surprised to learn that the unions expressed extreme displeasure at the decision to implement BPR and soon went on a strike. However, this time around, the management made it clear that it would not succumb to union demands. Soon, the workers were surprised to see the company's senior staff come down to the plant and work in their place. With both the parties refusing to work out an agreement, observers began casting doubts on the future of the company's grand plans of reaping the benefits of BPR. Background NoteMahindra ; Mahindra Ltd. (M;M) was the flagship company of the Mahindra group, one of the top ten industrial houses in India. The company's history dates back to 1945, when two brothers, J. C. Mahindra and K. C. Mahindra, decided to start a business of general-purpose utility vehicles. The brothers formed a company, Mahindra & Mohammed Ltd. , in association with their friend Ghulam Mohammed. In October 1947, the first batch of 75 jeeps was released for the Indian market. In 1948, the company was renamed Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd.Over the next few decades, the group promoted many companies in areas as diverse as hotels, financial services, auto components, information technology, infrastructure de velopment and trading to name a few (Refer Exhibit I for M&M's history). Though M;M had established itself in the markets and was among the leading players in many of the segments it operated in, it realized that some of its businesses were not closely related to its core business. This realization marked the beginning of the biggest change exercise since the company's inception. In 1994, a major restructuring exercise was initiated as part of a BPR program.M&M introduced a new organizational model, in which various divisions and companies were regrouped into six distinct clusters of related businesses, each headed by a president. M&M's core activities, automotive and tractors were made autonomous business units. The other activities of the group were organized into infrastructure, trade and financial services, telecommunication and automotive components. According to company sources, the whole exercise was intended to develop a conceptual map to provide direction for the future gro wth of various business lines.It was decided that, in future, the group would confine its expansion to the identified thrust sectors. The two main operating divisions of the company were the automotive division, which manufactured UVs and LCVs, and the farm equipment division, which made tractors and farm implements. The company employed over 17,000 people and had six state-of-the-art manufacturing facilities spread over 500,000 square meters. The plants were situated at Kandivili (MUVs and Tractors), Nasik (MUVs), Zaheerabad (LCVs, Voyager, three-wheelers), Igatpuri (Engines) andNagpur (Implements and tractors) Excerpts About BPR The concept of BPR was popularized in the early 1990s by Michael Hammer and James Champy in their best-selling book, ‘Reengineering the Corporation. ‘ The authors said that radical redesign and reorganization of an enterprise was necessary to lower costs and increase the quality of service. According to them, IT was the key enabler for that rad ical change. Hammer and Champy felt that the design of the workflow in most large corporations was based on assumptions about technology, people and organizational goals that were no longer valid.They recommended seven principles of reengineering for streamlining work processes and, consequently, achieving significant levels of improvement in quality, time management and cost (Refer Table I)†¦ M;M's Experience with BPR By the mid-1990s, BPR had become a popular tool globally, with many leading organizations implementing it. However, when M&M undertook the exercise, it was still a new concept in India. M&M's workforce, as mentioned earlier, resisted this attempt to reengineer the organization.Soon after the senior staff began working on the shop floors, the first signs of the benefits of BPR became evident. Around a 100 officers produced 35 engines a day as compared to the 1200 employees producing 70 engines in the pre-BPR days. After five months, the workers ended the strike an d began work in exchange for a 30% wage hike. As the situation returned to normalcy, BPR implementation gained momentum. M;M realized that it would have to focus on two issues when implementing the BPR program: reengineering the layout and method of working, and productivity†¦ The FutureSumming up the company's BPR experience, Anand Mahindra said, â€Å"Let me put it in a simple way. If we have facilities in Kandivili today, which are not just surviving but thriving, it is all due to BPR. 8. CONCLUSION The reengineering profoundly changes all aspects of business and people. Part of the organization is easy to change by reinventing a way to work. However, the other part, people, is very difficult to change. In particular, it requires not only jobs and skills change but also people's styles – the ways in which they think and behave – and their attitudes – what they believe is important about their work.These are indispensable factors to determine whether ree ngineering succeeds or not. Leaders must help people to cope with these changes. 9. REFERENCES * Business Process Change: Reengineering Concepts, Methods, and Technologies by Varun Autor Grover and William J. Kettinger * Business process reengineering: breakpoint strategies for market dominance by Henry J. Johansson * Business process reengineering: an executive resource for implementation by Harold S. Resnick * www. bus. iastate. edu/ for case study references.

How important is it for the organization Essay

Of many of the problems that the organizations face these days, one of the vital one is of employee dissatisfaction and lower motivation for work. Employees feel dejected and demotivated when their basic needs and requirements are not met; those needs might include hygiene and motivating factors that involve the presence or absence of working conditions, salary, empowerment or authority, job status, social relationships, etc. Organizations need to develop such a Human Resource department that effectively performs its activities by understanding the changing trends of the environment and so the employee needs and requirements. The decisive thing here in this case is that the HR department must scrutinize the productivity level, motivation, direction, attitude, and overall performance of the employees towards their assigned tasks and prosperity of the firm as a whole. HR managers emphasize on keeping the employees motivated, directed, and contented by adapting to several measures; some of which are explained as follows. First of all, the main responsibility of the Human Resource department is to hire or recruit the employees at their very best, who have best available skills and abilities that would result in the provision of value to the organization. The process of hiring and recruiting plays a vital role in determining an employee’s productivity and efficiency. Many organizations use references to hire the applicants, but the clear-cut method based on merit must be adopted. Taking written test, arranging group discussions, and conducting interviews with different managers help the Human Resource department to effectively analyze an applicant’s potential and skills whether he should be hired or not. Second, the managers must consider an employee as a person and treat him with due respect; offensive comments and remarks must not be passed out in order to avoid unwanted consequences. Mutual respect among the managers and employees must be maintained so that employees may feel that they are part of the organization. Third, many employees join the company with their basic motivation of salary; hence the salary package must be handsome enough to make the employee contented or even satisfied. Every human being has some needs as mentioned by Maslow in his pyramid of needs that starts with physiological needs, and then follows safety and security needs, then social and affection needs, esteem needs, and finally self-actualization. It should be understood at first hand by the managers or supervisors that employees are given enough time, resources, and opportunities to satisfy such basic needs such as, safety and security and physiological needs. Competitive benefits should be offered to the employees by analyzing the industry trends as in how much salary, benefits, or allowances are being paid by the competitors, and then the blend of competitive benefits should be offered. This may include providing compensation packages to the workers according to their job design; such as, low-level or assembly-line workers must be ensured enough security and medicinal allowances. Motivation can be categorized as the key to improved performance, and hence must be developed among the employees. This can be overcome by the managers by properly understanding their needs and wants and acting accordingly to fulfill them. Fourth, showing the chance of being promoted to the upper level definitely creates a sense of motivation among the workers. Often in many organizations, there comes the problem of glass ceiling where women and minorities are not give the chance to be promoted, hence this should not happen in order to keep the employees motivated. Fifth, Human Resource departments have a very significant responsibility of designing tasks, matching them with the employees, and assigning them. Employees, based on their skills and abilities, are assigned the tasks to work on and that suits them the most. Avoiding monotonous jobs and assigning them with interesting and innovating tasks develops interest in doing work and keeps the workers directed. Sixth, managers must create a sense of Task Identity and Task Significance among the employees that is to what extent their jobs are important for the company. Seventh, training is an essential process carried on by the organizations to keep their employees’ skills and capabilities inline with the changing environment. Several of training methods include hiring skilled expertise from various organizations or universities who train the employees for a limited period of time; moreover, organizations also send their employees abroad for training purposes as in to attend conferences or training sessions. Managers can arrange the workshops or lecture sessions within the organization for addressing the latest developments and challenges being occurred in the market or industry. Eighth, timely, accurate, and effective feedback must be provided by the managers to point out the strengths and weakness of the employees in their performance. And, involving the employees in the decision-making processes and empowering them by giving more authority to practice is also another wise strategy to motivate the employees. Often employees are not provided with accurate and corrective feedback such as; they are not pointed out their negatives just because of avoiding unwanted atmosphere or relationships. Therefore, many managers and supervisors prefer providing feedback that is usually positive even if the employee has some negative points about his work or attitude. Another issue is of providing of feedback from supervisors with whom the employee has good relationships or who favors the employee in each and every aspect of work life. This results in overvaluation of an employee, hence giving him points more than actually he deserves. Therefore, in order to have an effective feedback program, human resource departments must ensure that they adapt the 360 degree feedback method, which involves the provision of feedback from various sources such as, managers, directors, supervisors, colleagues, and peers. This method is very effective since it confirms different sorts of feedback provided by different sources. Consequently, to sum up the essay, we can say that the role of Human resource departments in almost every organization is like that of a brain in a human body. Since this is the era of globalization and immense competition, hence organizations are seeking to cut costs, save time, and be effective and efficient in carrying on their business activities. All the roles and responsibilities of the Human Resource department mentioned above do have significant importance because if they are performed effectively and wisely, they can result in saving huge amount of costs for the organization. Moreover, effective implementation of such measures and tactics can result in providing a company with great talent, expertise, working environment, high sales, high profits, high growth, good reputation, and most of all, efficiency.

Genetically Modified Foods Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Genetically Modified Foods - Research Paper Example However, despite the perceived benefits of reengineering foods, debates have ensued on the safety of genetically modified foods with critics arguing that such food could pose health risks to human beings. This essay expounds on genetically modified foods. Researchers have identified that people’s choice of consuming such foods is influenced by attitudes, pragmatic considerations, and personal circumstances. Although some people desist from GM products with no facts, researchers have identified that the foodstuffs may have some negative effects. The effects touch on environmental hazards, human health risks, and economic consequences. For instance, some of the genetically modified crops have caused damage to other organisms. Genetically modified foods may also cause allergy to some people that may be fatal (Forman, 2010). There have been cases of allergy development in children across Europe and the United States to foods such as peanuts. The process of establishing GM foods and the eventual presentation to the market has been long with substantial use of resources. Researchers and consumer advocates have claimed that this may lead to unbearable seed prices. Genetically modified foods have numerous advantages. For example, genetically modified foods are resistant to cold and plants, such as tobacco, strawberries, and potato have been modified to be resistant to frost by the introduction of the antifreeze gene. The antifreeze genes enable plants withstand the low temperatures, thus allowing crop production to take place throughout the year (Edwards, 2010). Nutritional improvement is another positive aspect of genetically modified foods. The genetic modification of foods is appropriate because food like rice, which is a common diet in most countries could be modified genetically and supply the essential nutrients that will enable individuals feed on a balanced diet. This will also aid in

Ameliorating poverty and other social ills will surely lead to a Essay

Ameliorating poverty and other social ills will surely lead to a decrease in crime. Discuss - Essay Example iota of evidence to show that crime is in the best interest of the criminal, in the long run (Ludwig et al, 1999 p.3; Jargowsky and Rebecca, 2006 p.55). Understanding the root causes of crime has been the subject of countless discourse and criminological research studies over the years. Many of these documented research attempts have linked, directly or indirectly, crime to multiple adverse social, economic, cultural and family conditions. The socioeconomic angle to crime, especially, economic status, as reflected in poverty - poor living conditions, have shown a great correlation to criminality. And as a result, improving living conditions by ameliorating poverty and the accompanying social ills are most likely to have a decreasing effect on crime rates in any society (The Root Causes of Crime, 1995 p.1-2). People who live under sub optimal conditions, lack a range of social and economic resources and opportunities are described as poor and thus living in poverty. The term poverty can be understood in a number of senses. However, in the most generalised sense, poverty is associated with the lack of material necessities, typically including the necessities of daily living such as good food, clothing, shelter and access to proper health care facility. Poverty in this sense may be understood as the deprivation of essential goods and services. Although, in another sense, poverty may be viewed from the perspective of social needs, such as social exclusion, dependency and the ability to participate in the society, or in another way, the lack of sufficient income or wealth, such as the increasingly widening gap between the rich and the poor and the feelings of inequality that is festered by such feelings (Wikipedia, 2006). All of these understandings of poverty hold serious implication for cr ime and thus any efforts towards crime reduction. Since early in the 1960s, a great number of social scientist have demonstrated that alleviating poverty would have a

A new health drink based out of fresh juices Assignment

A new health drink based out of fresh juices - Assignment Example However, Fruit-shots allows consumers to get a healthy bottle of juice in the most convenient manner. The new trend towards healthy is responsible for the rapid growth of the beverage industry but other factors also influence consumer demand. Consumer purchasing power is among the factors that influence consumer demand in the beverages market. The recent global financial crisis eroded consumer purchasing power and a significant number of consumers reduced spending on consumer products. Fruit-shots offer consumers the opportunity to consume healthy meals at the most affordable prices. Research statistics reveal a growing demand for fresh juice from low income as well as middle income households. Another factor that influences the demand and supply of fresh juice is seasonal changes. There is a high demand for fresh juice during summer because of the warm weather conditions. The emergence of fruit and vegetable diseases has a negative impact on consumer attitudes towards the consumption of Fruit-shots. Finally, the low shelf life of fresh juice influences the quantity of Fruit-shots t hat consumers will be willing to purchase from retail outlets. The operational purposes and overall goals of this marketing project are three-fold. First of all, this marketing project aims at assessing Fruit-shots’ current situations. Secondly, the marketing project identifies the company’s current market share and brand performance. Finally, the project summarizes the company’s decisions. The genesis of the marketing project involves an analysis of the company’s market size and brand profitability. The analysis yields information on the company’s market reach and performance of individual brands. Fruit-shots will prepare a line graph chart, which reveals that the company has recorded consistent growth in the last six quarters. The company has recorded gradual and consistent increase in market size since its inception in the